{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T22:43:32Z","timestamp":1775601812961,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Making a judgment only based on formal national reports can be misleading. We aimed to assess the relationship between countries' development indicators and reported coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid\u201019)\u2010related incidences and death.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Covid\u201019 related incidence and death cases were extracted from the updated Humanitarian Data Exchange Website on October 8, 2021. Univariable and multivariable negative binomial regression were utilized to investigate the relationship between development indicator and incidence and mortality from Covid\u201019 by calculating the Incidence rate ratio (IRR), mortality rate ratio (MRR), and fatality risk ratio (FRR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Very high human development index (HDI) compared with low HDI (IRR:3.56; MRR:9.04), the proportion of physicians (IRR:1.20; MRR:1.16), besides extreme poverty (IRR:1.01; MRR:1.01) were independently correlated with the mortality and incidence rate of Covid\u201019. Very high HDI and population density were inversely correlated with the fatality risk (FRRs of 0.54 and 0.99). The cross\u2010continental comparison shows Europe and the North Americas, had significantly higher incidence and mortality rates with IRR of 3.56 and 1.84 as well as MRRs of 6.65 and 3.62, respectively. Also, they inversely correlated with the fatality (FRR:0.84 and 0.91, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A positive correlation between the fatality rate ratio based on countries' development indicators and the reverse for the incidence and mortality rate was found. Developed countries with sensitive healthcare systems can diagnose infected cases as soon as possible. Also, the mortality rate of Covid\u201019 will be accurately registered and reported. Due to more access to diagnostic tests, patients are diagnosed at the initial stages and will have a better opportunity to receive treatment. This leads to higher reports of incidence\/and\/or mortality rates and lower fatality of COVID\u201019. In conclusion, more Covid\u201019 incidence and mortality cases in developed countries can result from a more comprehensive care system and a more accurate recording procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T12:31:15Z","timestamp":1685190675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An assessment of the relationship between national rates of Covid\u201019 incidence and mortality as reported to an international comparison database: An ecological study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2976-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azad","family":"Shokri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1234-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Mahmoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6973-5764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bakhtiar","family":"Piroozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2936-5930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousef","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4449-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Moradpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghobad","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4738-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Ebrazeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Public Health Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9320-5053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisa","family":"Daftarifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"English Language Research Center (ELRC), South Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07504"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","volume-title":"COVID\u201019 and Human Development: Assessing the Crisis, Envisioning the Recovery","author":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o P","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100174"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/archcid.103093"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882000134X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Can judgments according to case fatality rate be correct all the time during epidemics? Estimated cases based on CFR in different scenarios and some lessons from early case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 in Iran","volume":"34","author":"Moradi G","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SchellekensP SourrouilleDM. COVID\u201019 mortality in rich and poor countries: a tale of two pandemics?World Bank Policy Research Working Paper(9260);2020.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-9260"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","unstructured":"GriffithsJ. Singapore had a model coronavirus response then cases spiked. What happened.CNN Analysis(pp. 19);2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0972150920929897"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhangF KaramagiH NsengaN et al. Predictors of COVID\u201019 epidemics in countries of the World Health Organisation African Region;2021.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3831121"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"ARD G. The true toll of the pandemic.Nature(pp. 585);2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"Economist. There have been 7m\u201313m excess deaths worldwide during the pandemic.Technical Report.2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"The Economist. 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