{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:14:40Z","timestamp":1787062480791,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gallstones are one of the most common and costly diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and occur when a combination of deposits consisting of fat or minerals accumulate in the gallbladder or common bile duct (CBD). This paper provides a comprehensive review of gallstone epidemiology, diagnosis, and management, focusing on current clinical guidelines and evidence\u2010based approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature review gathered information from various sources, including PubMed, Trip, Google Scholar, Clinical Key, and reputable medical association websites. Keywords related to gallstones, CBD stones, cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, and guidelines were used to extract relevant recommendations. Expert consultations and consensus meetings localized the recommendations based on the target population and available resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The paper discusses demographic factors, dietary habits, and lifestyle influences contributing to gallstone formation. Gallstones are categorized into cholesterol and pigment types, with varying prevalences across regions. Many individuals with gallstones remain asymptomatic, but complications can lead to serious and potentially life\u2010threatening conditions. Diagnosis relies on history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and transabdominal ultrasound. Specific predictive factors help categorize patients into high, moderate, or low probability groups for CBD stones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence\u2010based recommendations for gallstone diagnosis and management are presented, emphasizing individualized treatment plans. Surgical interventions, nonsurgical treatments like oral litholysis with UDCA, and stenting are discussed. The management of gallstones in pregnant women is also addressed, considering the potential risks and appropriate treatment options during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T07:30:41Z","timestamp":1694503841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A clinician's guide to gallstones and common bile duct (CBD): A study protocol for a systematic review and evidence\u2010based recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0272-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Sebghatollahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, Al\u2010Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Parsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, Al\u2010Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Minakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, Al\u2010Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7679-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Azadbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences  Khorramabad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"795","article-title":"Surgical and nonsurgical management of gallstones","volume":"89","author":"Abraham S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"HealthNIf ExcellenceC et al.Gallstone disease: diagnosis and management.2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"LammertF AcalovschiM ErcolaniG et al.EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the prevention diagnosis and treatment of gallstones.2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-015-1313-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018754"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"Internal Clinical Guidelines T. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines. Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis Choledocholithiasis and Choledocholithiasis. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK) Copyright (c) National Clinical Guideline Centre 2014;2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70005-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"England RCoSo Surgeons AoUG et al.Commissioning guide: gallstone disease Royal College of Surgeons of England London;2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17554\/j.issn.2224-3992.2016.05.668"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2012.6.2.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0862-0346"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of cholelithiasis in Amol city, northern Iran: a population\u2010based study","volume":"17","author":"Zamani F","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-012-1572-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-008-9908-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Ann Arbor, MI: Faculty Group Practice, University of Michigan Health System","author":"Alam H","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.09.041"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Accuracy of ASGE criteria for the prediction of choledocholithiasis","volume":"108","author":"N\u00e1rvaez Rivera RM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Enfermedades Digestivas"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312317"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05115.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.517"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.516"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.8956"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v8.i3.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1289-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/159438"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013086"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018834103873"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90179-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i31.5029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.134.7.727"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-012-2194-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.04.475"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.1555","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T05:43:18Z","timestamp":1695793398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.1555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.1555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.1555","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1555"}}