{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:24:41Z","timestamp":1790119481227,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is caused by Marburg virus which is a member of the Filoviridae (filovirus) family. Many Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreaks are reported in five decades. A major notable outbreak with substantial reported cases of infections and deaths was in 2022 in Uganda. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reported MVD outbreak in Ghana in July 2022 following the detection of two probable VHF patients there. Further, the virus was reported from two other African countries, the Equatorial Guinea (February 2023) and Tanzania (March 2023). There have been 35 deaths out of 40 reported cases in Equatorial Guinea, and six of the nine confirmed cases in Tanzania so far.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data particularly on the several MVD outbreaks as reported from the African countries were searched on various databases including the Pubmed, Scopus, and Web\u2010of\u2010science. Also, the primary data and reports from health agencies like the WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC)\u00a0were evaluated and the efficacy reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chiroptera in general and bat species like\u00a0<jats:italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Hipposideros caffer<\/jats:italic> in particular are natural reservoirs of the Marburg virus. MVD\u2010infected nonhuman primate African fruit\u2010bat and the MVD\u2010infected humans pose significant risk in human infections. Cross\u2010border viral transmission and its potential further international ramification concerns raise the risk of its rapid spread and a potential outbreak. Occurrence of MVD is becoming more frequent in Africa with higher case fatality rates. Effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions to counter this deadly virus are suggested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the face of the lack of effective therapeutics and preventives against MVD, supportive care is the only available option which contributes to the growing concern and disease severity. In view of the preventive approaches involving effective surveillance and monitoring system following the \u201cOne Health\u201d\u00a0model is extremely beneficial to ensure a healthy world for all, this article aims at emphasizing several MVD outbreaks, epidemiology, zoonosis of the virus, current treatment strategies, risk assessments, and the mitigation strategies against MVD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T05:44:46Z","timestamp":1698644686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The neglected continuously emerging Marburg virus disease in Africa: A global public health threat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Devang","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine Kakatiya Medical College  Rangam Peta Street Warangal Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi Venkata Simhachalam","family":"Kutikuppala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery Dr NTR University of Health Sciences  Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Shanker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology SMS Medical College  Gangawal Park, Adarsh Nagar Jaipur Rajastan India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudra Narayan","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Siksha\u2010O\u2010Anusandhan Deemed\u2010to\u2010be\u2010University  Bhubaneswar Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurudutta","family":"Pattnaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Centurion University of Technology and Management  Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasmita","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Centurion University of Technology and Management  Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7197-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkataramana","family":"Kandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences  Karimnagar Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azaj","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Central University of Haryana  Mahendergarh Haryana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3896-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snehasish","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology KIIT Deemed\u2010to\u2010be University  Bhubaneswar Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhruv N.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Ryan Veterinary Hospital University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7623-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjan K.","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Government College of Engineering  Keonjhar Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Rabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare  Dhahran Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Alfaisal University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nutrition The University of Haripur  Haripur Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8159-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Kudrat\u2010E\u2010Zahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Rajshahi University  Rajshahi Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106863"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361231168520"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","unstructured":"WHO. 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