{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:53:49Z","timestamp":1753869229869,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Co\u2010infections occur when two or more different types of pathogens infect the same host at the same time. Initially, it may develop via a primary infection and then later segue into a superinfection. Although some research suggests that coinfections do not affect the effect of disease outcomes, alternate evidence says otherwise. While the disease outcomes are frequently influenced by the interactions between many viruses, how these viruses interact during coinfections is poorly understood. This article aims to shed light on the interaction between viruses at a cellular and subcellular level, and the clinical implications for the same.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The articles were sought by conducting a thorough literature search on Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, PubMed Central, Dimensions, and EBSCO Host, using keywords such as coinfections, virus, viral hybrids, and superinfection. The articles pertinent to the concept were then included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a growing body of evidence that suggests the formation of hybrid viral particles (HVPs) which conjugate at the cellular and subcellular level. While the formation of HVPs is bizarre, it may potentially have a profound effect on the clinical manifestations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>While there has been evidence of the formation of HVPs between a couple of viruses, researchers fear the existence of several other combinations, including zoonotic viruses. While this could be detrimental to the human race both at an individual\u2014as well as a community\u2010level, an in\u2010depth understanding of the same may help in better management of the clinical manifestations of the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T04:54:36Z","timestamp":1704344076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co\u2010infections and immune\u2010evading viral hybrids: A perspective"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Varghese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University  Pune Maharashtra India"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar  Navi Mumbai India"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Health Sciences Homi Bhabha National Institute  Anushakti Nagar Mumbai Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dileep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University  Pune Maharashtra India"},{"name":"Department of Entomology University of California  Davis California USA"},{"name":"UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1751-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shopnil","family":"Akash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Science Daffodil International University  Daffodil Smart City, Ashulia, Savar Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-023-00903-9"},{"unstructured":"RuffesV. VERIFY: yes scientists discovered evidence influenza & RSV can merge but it wasn't in a person. WCNC Charlotte\u2014verify. Accessed November 13 \u00a02022.https:\/\/www.wcnc.com\/article\/news\/verify\/verify-scientists-e-influenza-rsv-can-merge-not-in-people\/275-5bada94f-2284-41f4-a301-1bc2cbe0e652","key":"e_1_2_2_3_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2023-0001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106991"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01242-5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816000339"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155589"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.04.019"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099392"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.08.024"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060845"},{"unstructured":"GeddesL. Immune system\u2010evading hybrid virus observed for first time.The Guardian; 2022.https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2022\/oct\/24\/immune-system-evading-hybrid-virus-observed-for-first-time-rsv-and-influenza","key":"e_1_2_2_13_1"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.1780","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T06:35:08Z","timestamp":1707287708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.1780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.1780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.1780","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2398-8835"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2398-8835"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1780"}}