{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:49:15Z","timestamp":1785912555602,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global immunization campaign against COVID\u201019 has mandated vaccination certificates, leading to a surge in fake documentation. In Nigeria, the proliferation of counterfeit COVID\u201019 vaccination cards, facilitated by unscrupulous health workers, raises critical public health concerns. This research spotlights various forms of this malpractice, analyzes the factors contributing to the circulation of fake vaccination cards, their implications on public health, and provides recommendations for addressing the issue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extensive literature review and analysis were conducted to investigate the emergence of fake COVID\u201019 vaccination cards in Nigeria. Perspectives from health workers and reports from reputable undercover investigations were examined to identify factors contributing to the circulation of fraudulent records. The research also delved into corruption within the health sector and the impact of low salaries on healthcare workers. Additionally, global instances of fake vaccination cards were explored to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Healthcare workers' vaccine hesitancy, corruption, and inadequate salaries were identified as key contributors to the circulation of fake vaccination cards in Nigeria. Instances of health workers accepting bribes to issue cards without administering vaccines were uncovered. The implications on public health included threats to herd immunity, compromised disease surveillance, erosion of public trust, and reinforcement of vaccine hesitancy. The research also highlighted global challenges with fake vaccination cards, emphasizing the need for international cooperation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fake vaccination cards in Nigeria poses challenges to public health, affecting the reliability of immunization data and jeopardizing disease control efforts. It is crucial to strengthen healthcare worker engagement, tackle corruption through increased transparency and improved policies, and implement digital vaccination verification systems. International collaboration is essential to establish standardized security measures and verification checkpoints. Addressing flawed vaccination records requires urgent action to enhance vaccination efforts, and safeguard the population from the resurgence of vaccine\u2010preventable diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T23:08:17Z","timestamp":1708902497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cognizance and mitigation of falsified immunization documentation: Analyzing the consequences for public health in Nigeria, with a focus on counterfeited COVID\u201019 vaccination cards: A case report"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7815-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor E.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science University of Nigeria  Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marvellous O.","family":"Asika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science University of Nigeria  Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Ebuka","family":"Elebesunu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science University of Nigeria  Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chioma","family":"Agbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science University of Nigeria  Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5997-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxwell Hubert","family":"Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science Koforidua Technical University  Koforidua Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ise2.12063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"LaraA.\u00a0Man nabbed for issuing fake COVID\u201019 vaccination cards.\u00a0The Punch.2022. Accessed August 20 2023.\u00a0https:\/\/www.punchng.com\/man-nabbed-for-issuing-fake-COVID-19-vaccination-cards"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"How do Nigerian newspapers report corruption in the health system?","volume":"10","author":"Abba\u2010Aji M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu373"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1960770"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Fake COVID\u201019 vaccination certificates.\u00a0Leadership News.\u00a02022. Accessed\u00a0November 12 2023.\u00a0https:\/\/leadership.ng\/fake-covid-19-vaccination-certificates\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"ShallpellaHU. 422 passengers arrested with fake COVID\u201019 vaccination cards in Nigeria.Pilot News.\u00a02022. Accessed November 11 2023.https:\/\/www.westafricanpilotnews.com\/2022\/09\/14\/422-passengers-arrested-with-fake-covid-19-vaccination-cards-in-nigeria\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Undercover Investigation: How Health Workers Collect Bribes, Issue COVID\u201019 Cards Without Vaccination","author":"MAWA Foundation","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"Sahara Reporters. How Nigerian health workers collect bribes issue COVID\u201019 cards without vaccination.Sahara Reporters.2022. Accessed November 14 2023.https:\/\/saharareporters.com\/2022\/02\/18\/how-nigerian-health-workers-collect-bribes-issue-covid-19-cards-without-vaccination"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"AkorO JimohA AliyuA. COVID\u201019: How record falsification sets Nigeria against other countries.\u00a0Daily Trust.\u00a02021. Accessed November 12 2023.https:\/\/dailytrust.com\/covid-19-how-record-falsification-sets-nigeria-against-other-countries\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"IleyemiM.\u00a0INVESTIGATION: Lagos officials sell COVID\u201019 vaccination cards without jabs sell fake but \u2018authentic' test results.\u00a0Premium Times Nigeria.\u00a02023. Accessed October 17 2023.https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/investigationspecial-reports\/574313-investigation-lagos-officials-sell-covid-19-vaccination-cards-without-jabs-sell-fake-but-authentic-test-results.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"NigeriaG.\u00a0LASUTH apprehended Impostor Solomon Oriere who sells COVID\u201019 vaccination cards.The Guardian Nigeria News\u2010Nigeria and World News.\u00a02023. Accessed November 12 2023.https:\/\/guardian.ng\/news\/nigeria\/metro\/lasuth-apprehended-impostor-solomon-oriere-who-sells-covid-19-vaccination-cards\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"AdepojuP.\u00a0Here's how people in Nigeria are avoiding vaccination.Devex.\u00a02019. Accessed November 15 2023.\u00a0https:\/\/www.devex.com\/news\/here-s-how-people-in-nigeria-are-avoiding-vaccination-94878"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31670-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53771\/ijbpsa.2022.3.2.0064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Justice. Woman arrested for fake COVID\u201019 immunization and vaccination card scheme.\u00a02021. Accessed November 12 2023.\u00a0https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/woman-arrested-fake-covid-19-immunization-and-vaccination-card-scheme"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"Man facing federal charges for selling fraudulent COVID\u201019 vaccination cards and distributing them through a mail service.\u00a02021. Accessed November 13 2023.https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/usao-md\/pr\/man-facing-federal-charges-selling-fraudulent-covid-19-vaccination-cards-and-distributing"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdab308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Fighting Fake Immunization Travel Certificates With Frontier Technologies","author":"WHO | Regional Office for Africa","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"Travellers with forged yellow fever cards intercepted.Monitor.2021. 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Application of Blockchain in trusted digital vaccination certificates. 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