{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:54:21Z","timestamp":1753869261872,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Goiter is a major source of morbidity in the world, especially in the developing world, where dietary iodine deficiency, a known cause of this condition, is endemic. The diagnosis is mostly by ultrasonography (USG) scan, which can give anatomical, pathological, and functional information for the management of goiter. This study aimed to determine the commonest ultrasound findings of goiter in Ghana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The records of all 213 patients with goiter diagnosed by USG scan\u00a0over a 5\u2010year period were retrieved. Data collected were sociodemographics, ultrasound features, thyroid nodules diameter, and Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI\u2010RADS) scores, which were analyzed using GNU PSPP, version 1.2.0\u20103.\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0and two\u2010tailed independent samples <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test were also employed, with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 213 patients with goiter diagnosed by USG scan\u00a0were obtained over the study period. The mean age of the participants was 50.01\u2009\u00b1\u200917.27 years, with an age range of 16\u221292 years and females constituting the majority (82.16%). The commonest ultrasound features were well\u2010defined solid nodules. The lesion sites for most patients were the whole thyroid (28.17%), both lobes (24.41%), and the right lobe (20.19%). The mean difference in sizes of cysts and solid nodules among genders was 0.26 (CI: \u22120.14 to 0.67, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.20) and 0.12 (CI: \u22120.43 to 0.66, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.67), respectively. The TI\u2010RADS score featured TI\u2010RADS 4 (36.62%), TI\u2010RADS 1 (28.17%), TI\u2010RADS 3 (25.82%), TI\u2010RADS 5 (5.16%), and TI\u2010RADS 2 (4.23%). Solid nodules (49.32%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and cysts (35.71%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) were more common within 41\u221260 years and less frequent in those &lt;21 years. A <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.05 was considered significant in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The predominant ultrasound features were well\u2010defined solid nodules, simple cysts, and solid nodules with cystic changes, mostly located in the entire thyroid gland and least located in the isthmus only. Cysts and solid nodules were mostly seen in the 41\u221260 years age group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T03:33:18Z","timestamp":1715311998000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the ultrasound findings of thyroid gland enlargement in Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana: A retrospective cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-2386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Kobina Mesi","family":"Edzie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"},{"name":"Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Faculty of Radiology Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6322-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klenam","family":"Dzefi\u2010Tettey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Faculty of Radiology Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0709-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmund Kwakye","family":"Brakohiapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Ghana Medical School Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8594-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Obed","family":"Nimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Technology and Sonography College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6295-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Appiah\u2010Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear Nose and Throat School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9082-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Kofi","family":"Amedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Faculty of Radiology Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Faculty Board of Radiology Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ansumana","family":"Bockarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Quarshie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) Santoe Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Onimole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5290-8606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Akorli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Tema General Hospital, Ghana Health Service Tema Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1618-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard Ato","family":"Edzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3269-4134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nana Ama","family":"Amankwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Faculty of Internal Medicine Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5483-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Amartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons, Faculty of Hematology Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2534-5051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Osei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) Santoe Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4166-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bright","family":"Oppong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3921-0817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Raman","family":"Asemah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6225-2284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip Narteh","family":"Gorleku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Goitre as a determinant of the prevalence and severity of iodine deficiency disorders in populations.2014. Accessed May 8 2021.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/133706\/WHO_NMH_NHD_EPG_14.5_eng.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2164956120923624"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"572","article-title":"Goitre: causes, investigation and management","volume":"41","author":"Hughes K","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13126-015-0171-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.109667"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5541230"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","unstructured":"Radiopaedia. ACR thyroid imaging reporting and data system (ACR TI\u2010RADS).2021. Accessed August 10 2023.https:\/\/radiopaedia.org\/articles\/acr-thyroid-imaging-reporting-and-data-system-acr-ti-rads"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017171240"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","unstructured":"Ghana Health Service. National iodine survey report.2017. Accessed August 10 2023.https:\/\/www.ghanahealthservice.org\/downloads\/Iodine_Survey_Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3759786"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7843972"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2014.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9831-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.14.11.677"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00137"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","article-title":"Pregnancy in women with Graves'\u00a0disease: focus on fetal surveillance","volume":"225","author":"Panaitescu AM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graves' Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Thyroid disorders in women","volume":"106","author":"Li H","year":"2015","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8401518"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-019-0253-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Gender preferred traits on cassava production and processing value chain in Imo State, Nigeria","volume":"49","author":"Madu TU","year":"2018","journal-title":"Niger\u00a0Agric\u00a0J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjph.20190706.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33846\/hn30506"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203087"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr3202w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5102329"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2018.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10040180"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00112"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22260"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2303.2004.00167.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00750"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2007.04093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2019.31.130-134"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2043"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.2090","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T02:24:10Z","timestamp":1718072650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.2090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.2090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.2090","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2398-8835"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2398-8835"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2090"}}