{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:56:24Z","timestamp":1792734984433,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMA2018SF\u20102456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2018SF\u20102456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection remains a major public health problem. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) 2018 Hepatitis B Guidelines provide that CHB individuals not requiring antiviral therapy yet are monitored to determine the need for antiviral therapy in the future; however, these tests do not include measurement of cytokines and immune cell characterization. This case\u2010control study compared the cytokine and immune checkpoint protein expression profiles between CHB individuals not yet on antiviral treatment and hepatitis B virus (HBV)\u2010negative individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>CD4 and CD8 T cells from CHB and HBV\u2010negative individuals were characterized for immune checkpoint proteins programmed cell death\u20101 (PD1), T cell Immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain\u2010containing protein 3 (TIM\u20103), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte\u2010associated antigen 4 (CTLA\u20104) (CD152), and a memory marker CXCR3 (CD183) using flow cytometry. Malaria\u2010induced cytokine expression levels were determined by stimulating their blood cells with <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> 3D7 strain antigens (CSP, AMA\u20101, and TRAP) in whole blood assays, and cytokine levels were measured using a 13\u2010plex Luminex kit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HBV\u2010negative and CHB individuals had comparable levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, a proportion of the CD4+ and CD8+ populations from both groups, which were CXCR3+, expressed PD\u20101 and CD152. The ability to produce cytokines in response to malaria antigen stimulation was not significantly different between the groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings support excluding CHB individuals from antiviral therapy at this stage of infection. However, CHB individuals require regular monitoring to determine the need for later antiviral treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:53:46Z","timestamp":1722300826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Expression patterns of immune checkpoint proteins and <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\u2010induced cytokines in chronic hepatitis B virus\u2010infected and uninfected individuals: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5795-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selorm P.","family":"Segbefia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry College of Health Sciences, KNUST Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana A.","family":"Asandem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Virology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Pobee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright","family":"Asare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahu Diana","family":"Prah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawdat","family":"Baba\u2010Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jones Amo","family":"Amponsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6423-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Kyei\u2010Baafour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"van der Puije","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Osei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Teye\u2010Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theophilus","family":"Brenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutterodt","family":"Bentum\u2010Ennin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, NMIMR, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K. 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