{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T21:09:02Z","timestamp":1785704942689,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Iron deficiency is a major complication of repeated blood donation. However, most of the blood screening methods employed by blood collection agents do not include iron status markers, leading to possible subclinical iron deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated blood donation on the iron status of this vulnerable population in Zimbabwe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All donors were categorized into groups based on number of donations made in the previous 2\u2010year period prior to enrolment into the study. Serum iron, total iron\u2010binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin were analyzed on automated chemistry analyzers while transferrin saturation (TSAT) was calculated. The Wilcoxon rank\u2010sum and ANOVA tests were used to assess the variation of iron profiles by gender and frequency of donations. All data analysis was performed using Stata software <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>13.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study participants included 170 repeat donors and 20 first\u2010time blood donors. The median (IQR) age was 23 (19\u201027) years, while the majority were males 57% (n\u00a0=\u00a0109\/190). The overall prevalence of iron deficiency and reduced iron stores was 12.6% and 38.9%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between males and females in all the iron status parameters (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). TIBC increased with number of donations, while iron, ferritin, and TSAT decreased with increased number of donations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A high proportion of blood donors had iron deficiency despite being eligible to donate. Repeated blood donation may lead to substantial reduction in iron stores among blood donors. Inclusion of iron biochemical markers may enhance proper screening and monitoring of blood donors in Zimbabwe to prevent development of iron deficiency anemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T20:06:51Z","timestamp":1635883611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of repeated blood donation on iron status of blood donors in Zimbabwe: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8720-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald","family":"Vhanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Department Premier Services Medical Investments  Harare Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology University of Zimbabwe  Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Chinowaita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Department Premier Services Medical Investments  Harare Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Department of Pathology (Microbiology) Midlands State University  Gweru Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisodwa","family":"Nkomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety, Health, Environment and Quality National Blood Service Zimbabwe  Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Timire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS and TB Department Ministry of Health and Child Care  Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinie","family":"Kouamou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Zimbabwe  Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2019.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Iron stores in regular blood donors in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Adediran A","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Blood Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","first-page":"600","article-title":"Profiles of blood and blood component transfusion recipients in Zimbabwe","volume":"13","author":"Mafirakureva N","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"The effect of repeated blood donations on the iron status of male Saudi blood donors","volume":"9","author":"Abdullah SM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15136"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"The evaluation of blood donor deferral causes in Zimbabwe","volume":"105","author":"Mafirakureva N","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vox Sanguinis"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60865-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Correlation between serum ferritin and bone marrow iron stores","volume":"47","author":"Anupama K","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Dr"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004519","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004519","article-title":"Definition of iron deficiency based on the gold standard of bone marrow iron staining in heart failure patients","volume":"11","author":"Beverborg NG","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Body iron status in blood donors in Erbil","volume":"14","author":"Gaff MSA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zanco J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Anaemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among blood donors in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Jeremiah ZA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2008.500.502"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2000.11754276"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","unstructured":"MengW Zhi\u2010xuanG&NanXPerformance verification and evaluation on clinical application of MINDRAY BS\u2010800 automatic biochemical analyzer. 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