{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:45:09Z","timestamp":1786977909024,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The heterologous prime\u2010boost vaccination technique is not novel as it has a history of deployment in previous outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hence, this narrative review aims to provide critical insight for reviving the heterologous prime\u2010boost immunization strategy for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccination relative to a brief positive outlook on the mix\u2010dose approach deployed in previous and existing outbreaks (ie, Ebola virus disease (EVD), malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, HIV and influenza virus).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology and Materials<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A Boolean search was carried out to find the literature in MEDLINE\u2010PubMed, Clinicaltrials, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases up till December 22, 2021, using the specific keywords that include \u201cSARS\u2010CoV2\u201d, \u201cCOVID\u201019\u201d, \u201cEbola,\u201d \u201cMalaria,\u201d \u201cTuberculosis,\u201d \u201cHuman Immunodeficiency Virus,\u201d \u201cHepatitis B,\u201d \u201cInfluenza,\u201d \u201cMix and match,\u201d \u201cHeterologous prime\u2010boost,\u201d with interposition of\u00a0\u201cOR\u201d and \u201cAND.\u201d Full text of all the related articles in English language with supplementary appendix was retrieved. In addition, the full text of relevant cross\u2010references was also retrieved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therefore, as generally evident by the primary outcomes, that is, safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity reported and updated by preclinical and clinical studies for addressing previous and existing outbreaks so far, including COVID\u201019, it is understood that heterologous prime\u2010boost immunization has been proven successful for eliciting a more efficacious immune response as of yet in comparison to the traditional homologous prime\u2010boost immunization regimen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accordingly, with increasing cases of COVID\u201019, many countries such as Germany, Pakistan, Canada, Thailand, and the United Kingdom have started administering the heterologous vaccination as the technique aids to rationalize the usage of the available vaccines to aid in the global race to vaccinate majority to curb the spread of COVID\u201019 efficiently. However, the article emphasizes the need for more large controlled trials considering demographic details of vaccine recipients, which would play an essential role in clearing the mistrust about safety concerns to pace up the acceptance of the technique across the globe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consequently, by combatting the back\u2010to\u2010back waves of COVID\u201019 and other challenging variants of concerns, including Omicron, the discussed approach can also help in addressing the expected evolution of priority outbreaks as coined by WHO, that is, \u201cDisease X\u201d in 2018 with competency, which according to WHO can turn into the \u201cnext pandemic\u201d or the \u201cnext public health emergency,\u201d thus would eventually lead to eradicating the risk of \u201cpopulation crisis.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T02:11:53Z","timestamp":1645668713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Revival of the heterologous prime\u2010boost technique in\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019: An outlook from the history of outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amna","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MBBS Karachi Medical and Dental College  Karachi City Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1238-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alishba","family":"Adnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MBBS Karachi Medical and Dental College  Karachi City Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-7036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munib","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MBBS Karachi Medical and Dental College  Karachi City Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6253-3679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shafaq","family":"Taseen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MBBS Karachi Medical and Dental College  Karachi City Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2079-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidhant","family":"Ochani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MBBS Khairpur Medical College  Khairpur Mir's Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6554-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Yasir","family":"Essar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Kabul University of Medical Sciences  Kabul Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"WHO Director\u2010General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID\u201019 \u2010 March 11 2020.https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00594"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"COVID\u201019: Vaccines to prevent SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection \u2010 UpToDate [Internet].https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/covid-19-vaccines-to-prevent-sars-cov-2-infection"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2015.15.2.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BA20000034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.11.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gro\u00dfR ZanoniM SeidelA et al.Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV\u201019 and BNT162b2 prime\u2010boost vaccination elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses and T cell reactivity. medRxiv 2021.21257971.10.1101\/2021.05.30.21257971v2","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.30.21257971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V.A Randomized Parallel\u2010Group Placebo\u2010Controlled Double\u2010Blind Phase 1\/2a Study in Healthy HIV Uninfected Adults to Assess the Safety\/Tolerability and Immunogenicity of 2 Different Prime\/Boost Regimens; 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