{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T18:18:40Z","timestamp":1778609920643,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self\u2010medication is a common practice worldwide, and its prevalence ranges between 20% and 80% among patients suffering from dental pain. The socioeconomic status of an individual plays a key role in self\u2010medication practice, especially sex and education level. This study aims to investigate the extent of self\u2010medication practice for toothache due to dental caries among adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was an analytical cross\u2010sectional study carried out over 6 months. It included adult patients presenting with toothache in public dental clinics. A questionnaire captured information on demography, self\u2010medication practice, the substance used for self\u2010medication, duration of self\u2010medication, and reason for self\u2010medication. Univariate analysis was carried out to assess factors associated with self\u2010care remedies. The probability level of <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was selected for statistical significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 420 participants took part in this survey with a majority (54.3%) being females. The ages of the participants ranged between 18 years and 79 years, with a mean age of 33.37 (SD\u2009=\u200912.64) years. Nearly all (98.5%) participants used some sort of self\u2010prescribed remedies for managing toothache before attending a dental clinic for appropriate treatment. The sociodemographic status of the participants did not influence the practice of self\u2010medication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>About 98% of patients suffering from toothache in Tanzania practice self\u2010medication, and it cuts across all social strata of the adult dental population<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with toothache secondary to dental caries participated in the pilot study and were consulted on the suitability of the study tool.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T17:03:55Z","timestamp":1725123835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Self\u2010medication for dental caries\u2010associated toothache among dental outpatients attended at public health facilities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9456-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karpal Singh","family":"Sohal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Services Muhimbili National Hospital Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linus","family":"Jeremiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Paedodontics and Community Dentistry Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uchenna","family":"Okechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashu Michael","family":"Agbor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Sciences Universit\u00e9 des Montagne's Bangangt\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10026-1123"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"The trends of self\u2010care remedies among the patients with dental pain attending the out\u2010patient department of dental institute in multan","volume":"32","author":"Hashmi MJ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Forum Month"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14312\/2398-029X.2019-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/205016841800700406"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-248X.2012.01168.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojst.2019.91002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2022.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_173_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20180249"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2019.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.34.198.18347"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.116232"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201776"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","article-title":"Prevalence, pattern, and reasons for Self\u2010Medication: A Community\u2010Based Cross\u2010Sectional study from central India","volume":"15","author":"Rathod P","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.144896"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Reasons underlying failure to seek early dental treatment among patients presenting in a Nigeria Tertiary Hospital","volume":"12","author":"Anyanechi CE","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Biomed Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaphd.jiaphd_91_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/im.123784"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S37593"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01124-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2011.00058.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2645174"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Analgesic effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of clove","volume":"3","author":"Kamkar Asl M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avicenna J Phytomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Potential of clove of Syzygium aromaticum in development of a therapeutic agent for periodontal disease: a review","volume":"70","author":"Pulikottil S","year":"2015","journal-title":"South Afr Dent J"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.70032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T12:32:22Z","timestamp":1729773142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.70032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.70032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.70032","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70032"}}