{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T22:16:42Z","timestamp":1774045002365,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent, yet under\u2010diagnosed sleep disorder and has a strong association with type 2 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Vascular abnormalities, nocturnal glucose dysregulation, impaired blood flow, and hypoxia during OSA induce oxidative stress and promote the inflammatory pathways which increase the VEGF factor levels, leading to the progression of DR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To date, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most effective, gold\u2010standard treatment for patients with moderate to severe OSA. However, the implications of CPAP for the treatment of DR due to OSA is still a topic of ongoing debate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence suggests that the administration of CPAP therapy led to a reduction in retinal exudates and optical coherence tomography indices for retinal edema and also exhibited improvement in glycemic control, sleepiness, and overall health\u2010related quality of life. Nevertheless, there are limited studies present that have evaluated the impact of CPAP therapy on DR in patients with OSA and well\u2010designed studies are needed to confirm CPAP's therapeutic effect on DR despite these findings. Moreover, concerns regarding its long\u2010term safety, adherence challenges, and inconsistent study designs limit definitive conclusions about CPAP's efficacy in managing DR. This indicates the need for future studies to advocate for enhanced CPAP adherence strategies, refined diagnostic criteria for OSA, and large\u2010scale clinical trials to explore CPAP's therapeutic role in DR. Addressing these challenges could revolutionize clinical practices, optimize patient outcomes, and establish CPAP as a cornerstone in the integrated management of OSA and DR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T01:49:32Z","timestamp":1741744172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bridging the Gap: The Role of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy in Diabetic Retinopathy Associated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea\u2013A Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sadia","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinnah Sindh Medical University Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Tanweer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isra University Hyderabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafiza Aiman","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minahil Nasreen","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Park Medical College Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahzaib","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2370-9368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Mahmmoud Fadelallah","family":"Eljack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Department University of Bakht Alruda Ad Duwaym Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","unstructured":"V.Ling \u201cSleep Apnea Statistics and Facts You Should Know National Council of Aging \u201d2024 https:\/\/www.ncoa.org\/adviser\/sleep\/sleep-apnea-statistics\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2022.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2021.100011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2021-0792"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13111529"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101891"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.556746"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2008.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/aitc201912030"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy: New Generations","volume":"131","author":"Garvey J. F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0083-2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202304-296OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000334090"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0175OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4737064"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11010050"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062058"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01177-2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02612-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30476\/ijms.2019.45785"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202007-864ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Pinto V. L.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.21010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ajprhc.ajprhc_62_24"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.70502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T05:45:35Z","timestamp":1741758335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.70502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.70502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.70502","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70502"}}