{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:53:38Z","timestamp":1790358818455,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypertension continues to be a significant health challenge, contributing to numerous deaths. Dietary factors are key risk factors for hypertension. Evidence indicates that consuming at least four different types of protein each week may help reduce the risk of developing high blood pressure. This study aims to analyze the impact of protein intake on the health status of household members living with hypertension in Gauteng province, South Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study applied a cross\u2010section design and stepwise binary logit regression to analyze the protein diet intake of 3278 households with members experiencing hypertension in eight Gauteng municipalities in South Africa. The study utilized nonmedical secondary data from the Gauteng City\u2010Region Observatory Quality of Life survey for 2021\/2022, which included 13,168 randomly sampled households.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings showed that consuming beans (B\u2009=\u20090.120; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.066), chicken (B\u2009=\u20090.349; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), tin fish (B\u2009=\u20090.244; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), meat (B\u2009=\u20090.235; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), offal (B\u2009=\u20090.128; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.050), and dairy (B\u2009=\u20090.294; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) was positively associated with a reduced risk of hypertension. Animal protein was preferred over plant protein. Hypertension was more common in low\u2010income households. Households with food expenditures of R0\u2212R500, R501\u2212R1000, and R1001\u2212R2000 had probabilities of not suffering from hypertension that increased by at least 0.643, 0.799, and 0.826, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study showed that consuming various proteins, particularly from beans, chicken, tin fish, meat, offal, and dairy, reduces hypertension health risks. It also shows that households with higher food expenditures experience lower hypertension prevalence, emphasizing the importance of dietary variety and financial resources in maintaining a healthy diet and reducing hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:37:02Z","timestamp":1741754222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Examining the Relationship Between Consumption of a Protein\u2010Based Diet and Hypertension Among Urban Households: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7739-9097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrino","family":"Mazenda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Management and Administration Faculty of Economic Management Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0119-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenaimoyo Lufutuko Faith","family":"Katiyatiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Management and Administration Faculty of Economic Management Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8869-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ni Putu Wulan Purnama","family":"Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University East Java Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-15512-3.00024-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-88369-6.00045-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad262"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055621"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105445"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","volume-title":"Cardiovascular Disease Statistics","author":"Byrne J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","volume-title":"Non\u2010Communicable Diseases in South Africa: Findings From Death Notifications, 2008\u20102018 [Internet]","author":"Maluleke R.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-024-00751-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20200108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Expected Consumption of Protein Feed in South Africa by 2020","volume":"41","author":"McGuigan S. 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