{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:56:43Z","timestamp":1790067403298,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Miliary pulmonary tuberculosis (MPTB) is rare in patients treated with In Vitro fertilization\u2010embryo transfer (IVF\u2010ET), and can be life\u2010threatening to pregnant women and fetuses. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of MPTB after IVF\u2010ET and pregnancy outcomes to provide reference for early diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical data from patients who developed MPTB after IVF\u2010ET from January 2018\u2013December 2021 were retrospectively and statistically analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultimately, 21 patients (mean age: 29.81\u2009\u00b1\u20093.79 years) were included. Three patients had a history of pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB), and were cured or showed no suggestive TB activity before pregnancy. Patients presented with atypical early symptoms, fever (39.16\u2009\u00b1\u20090.74\u00b0C), and vaginal bleeding, and lung imaging changes. Patients became febrile 78.90\u2009\u00b1\u200926.04 days after IVF\u2010ET; the time from fever to diagnosis was 17.76\u2009\u00b1\u20099.05 days. Patients were admitted 96.05\u2009\u00b1\u200925.33 days after IVF\u2010ET. Sputum <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> smear and culture, purified protein derivative, TB polymerase chain reaction, and other routine TB examinations had low positivity rates; the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was generally within normal limits. Chest imaging during pregnancy is limited, further increasing the diagnosis time. Two critically ill patients were diagnosed by metagenomic next\u2010generation sequencing. Seven patients had TB meningitis or encephalitis. Pregnancy was terminated in all but three patients. All patients received anti\u2010TB therapy; however, two patients died during hospitalization (mean hospitalization: 58.29\u2009\u00b1\u200933.40 days).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comprehensive TB screening before IVF\u2010ET is necessary for infertile patients. MPTB develops after IVF\u2010ET with atypical symptoms and poor pregnancy outcomes. Clinicians should use multiple methods to confirm TB diagnoses early on, without delaying chest imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T10:08:02Z","timestamp":1745230082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical Characteristics of Miliary Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Pregnancy After In Vitro Fertilization\u2010Embryo Transfer: A Retrospective Clinical Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6611-0902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Litao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital Xining China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine The Fifth People's Hospital of ShaanXi Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine The Fifth People's Hospital of ShaanXi Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.878471"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003578"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06564-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2018.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0228-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.18.0223"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2019.1702639"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S332992"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2024.e02096"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.885865"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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