{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:23:56Z","timestamp":1792034636830,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB), a leading cause of death from infectious diseases, faced considerable challenges during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) pandemic. This review examines the impact of pandemic\u2010related disruptions, including the diversion of healthcare resources, reduced access to TB diagnostics and treatment, and declining BCG vaccination rates, on TB trends. The aim is to forecast the post\u2010COVID\u201019 TB burden, identify risk factors that exacerbate transmission, and propose strategies to prevent a global resurgence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review incorporates epidemiological data, modeling research, and reports from the World Health Organization and national health systems. It examines TB trends before and after COVID\u201019, the outcomes of coinfection, and the pandemic's impact on immunology, socioeconomic factors, and health systems. The review also compares trends in India and South Africa\u2014two countries facing significant challenges\u2014to those observed during the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID\u201019 disruptions in healthcare led to an 18% decrease in TB notifications in 2020, resulting in delayed diagnoses, increased household transmission, and higher mortality. Immune dysregulation, including T\u2010cell depletion and cytokine storms, contributed to a 12.3% mortality rate in COVID\u201019\u2010TB coinfections. Models predict a 5%\u201315% rise in TB incidence and an additional 1.4 million deaths by 2025. Individuals with HIV, diabetes, and malnutrition were particularly vulnerable. Factors such as overcrowding, air pollution, and reduced Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) coverage in endemic regions have further heightened susceptibility to TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID\u201019 has undone years of progress in TB control, highlighting the need for a unified health strategy. Early diagnosis, treatment of latent TB, and BCG catch\u2010up initiatives are crucial. Strengthening health systems, addressing socioeconomic factors such as poverty and hunger, and utilizing pandemic advancements like telemedicine and vaccine research will be key to preventing a resurgence of TB. Continued financial support and international cooperation are essential to eliminating TB by 2030.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:18:30Z","timestamp":1747873110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tuberculosis Trends in the Post\u2010COVID\u201019 Era: Is It Going to be a Global Concern?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3114-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soroush","family":"Khojasteh\u2010Kaffash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI) Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences Birjand Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2537-3279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrina","family":"Habibzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI) Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee Fasa University of Medical Sciences Fasa Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3798-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina","family":"Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI) Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-2025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Afra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI) Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6429-7729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noosha","family":"Samieefar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI) Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Gene, Cell &amp; Tissue Research Institute, Children's Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2043-8523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Fateh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Microbiology Research Center (MRC) Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","unstructured":"(WHO) WHO Tuberculosis (April 2023) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tuberculosis#:~:text=Worldwide%2C%20TB%20is%20the%2013th all%20countries%20and%20age%20groups."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S337473"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdab102"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111286"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00705-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187967"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Qi D.Zhang X.Zhang et al. 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