{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:43:15Z","timestamp":1763728995581,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is on the rise, even among university students, and is responsible for a high proportion of death and disability worldwide, especially in developing countries. Hence, this study aimed to identify the prevalence and distribution of risk factors for NCDs among university students in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted among 460 students from different universities in Bangladesh from October to November 2023 using a validated and structured WHO STEPS Questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 460 students, 63.7% were male, and most of the participants belonged to 21\u201325 years of age. A lower prevalence of smoking (10%) and alcohol consumption (2.8%) was observed among them. More than half of the students were involved in low physical activity (\u2009&lt;\u2009600 metabolic equivalent tasks [MET] minutes\/week). Insufficient fruit and vegetable intake (&lt;\u20095 servings daily) was more prevalent (80%) among the respondents. Approximately two\u2010fifty of the participants were overweight\/obese (Body mass index [BMI] \u2265\u200923\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The prevalence of elevated blood pressure, high blood sugar, and raised cholesterol was 24.1%, 8%, and 10.2%, respectively. Only 5.2% of students were free from any NCD risk factors, and each student had an average of two risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high prevalence of NCD risk factors among undergraduate and graduate university students warrants effective public health strategies to minimize the development of NCDs in their later lives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T06:58:46Z","timestamp":1747637926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unveiling the Burden of NCDs Among University Students and Associated Risk Factors Using the WHO STEPwise Approach: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-2965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Shahedul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-5003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjia","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3402-1913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Towhid","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Rezaul","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmuda Akter","family":"Lina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9470-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdur Rahman","family":"Shanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Shamim","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Rajshahi Rajshahi Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khadija","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taspia","family":"Khanom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Chittagong Chittagong Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Ashir","family":"Abrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Shah","family":"Poran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Primeasia University Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101591"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"icddrb \u201cNon\u2010Communicable Diseases \u201d 2023 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh https:\/\/www.icddrb.org\/news-and-events\/press-corner\/media-resources\/non-communicable-diseases."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","unstructured":"WHO \u201cNoncommunicable Diseases \u201d 2023 World Health Organization https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/noncommunicable-diseases\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241232"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S239074"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4025\/actascihealthsci.v45i1.61919"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-462x202230040429"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12944\/CRNFSJ.7.1.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-018-0895-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-018-0152-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa138"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jxym-21-29"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","unstructured":"UGC \u201cList of Universities \u201d 2023 University Grants Commission of Bangladesh https:\/\/www.ugc.gov.bd\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11069"},{"volume-title":"The WHO STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance","year":"2020","author":"WHO","key":"e_1_2_13_16_1"},{"volume-title":"National STEPS Survey for Non\u2010Communicable Diseases Risk Factors in Bangladesh 2018","year":"2018","author":"NIPSOM","key":"e_1_2_13_17_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","unstructured":"WHO \u201cTobacco \u201d 2023 World Health Organization.https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/tobacco#tab=tab_1."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Lifestyle Practice and Associated Risk Factors of Noncommunicable Diseases Among the Students of Delhi University","volume":"6","author":"Chakma J. 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