{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T04:11:02Z","timestamp":1765512662599,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction associated with viral infections, including the recent SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pandemic, has raised significant clinical interest. Understanding the viral etiologies and histopathological characteristics of permanent olfactory dysfunction is essential for optimizing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This systematic review aims to synthesize the available evidence on the histopathological features of viral\u2010induced permanent olfactory dysfunction. By focusing on direct viral damage, inflammatory responses, and vascular changes, this study seeks to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of post\u2010viral olfactory impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024520500). Searches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to February 14, 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed observational studies investigating human subjects diagnosed with permanent olfactory dysfunction attributable to viral etiologies. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data using predefined forms, and assessed study quality using NOS, STROBE, and JBI tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Predominant viral etiologies included SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and common cold viruses (e.g., adenovirus). Diagnostic tools varied but commonly included clinical evaluations and validated olfactory tests. Histopathological findings revealed diverse nasal tissue alterations, such as mucosal atrophy, inflammatory infiltrates, and neuroepithelial degeneration. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infections demonstrated distinctive neuroepithelial and endothelial pathology contributing to olfactory dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Viral\u2010induced permanent olfactory dysfunction involves multifaceted histopathological changes, including direct viral neuroinvasion and inflammatory responses. Understanding these pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted interventions and managing long\u2010term sequelae of viral infections affecting olfaction. This systematic review, the first conducted on this topic, underscores the need for further research on viral etiologies beyond COVID\u201019, as they are currently understudied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:25:43Z","timestamp":1750217143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viral Etiologies and Histopathological Features of Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kimia Motlagh","family":"Asghari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasim","family":"Kakavand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdieh Taiyeb","family":"Khosroshahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sina Janbaz","family":"Alamdari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaghayegh","family":"Karami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6142-6185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehran","family":"Jaberinezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-018-0796-4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03381-9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-004-0796-y"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-020-01751-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"Olfactory Dysfunction: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"120","author":"Hummel T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0097-5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1309482"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci4020013"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819973-2.00030-7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00208"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000382"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420946254"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otoeng.2020.04.002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05611-6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13209"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-024-00936-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2020.12.002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111868"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.569333"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2017.183"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn Z. 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