{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:24:12Z","timestamp":1792621452522,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intestinal parasites and malnutrition are major public health challenges in Ethiopia, highlighting the need for local epidemiological data to inform effective prevention and intervention strategies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection, undernutrition, and their associated risk factors among elementary school\u2010aged children in Zenzelima town, Northwest Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A school\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study was conducted from January to May 2022. Systematic random sampling was used to select study participants. Sociodemographic and risk factor data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Height and weight measurements were taken using a meter and calibrated balance. Fresh fecal samples were collected and processed using wet mount and formol\u2010ether concentration techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 405 study subjects, 201 (49.6%) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites. The predominant parasite was hookworm (22.2%), followed by\n                      <jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                      (19.8%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      (13.6%). Habits of eating raw vegetables\/fruits (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]\u2009=\u20092.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.330\u20133.11), having irregular use of closed shoes (AOR\u2009=\u20091.86; 95% CI: 1.09\u20133.47), and exhibiting the habit of open\u2010field defecation (AOR\u2009=\u20093.07; 95% CI: 2.00\u20134.71) were identified as independent predictors of intestinal parasitic infections. Alternatively, the overall prevalence of undernutrition among children was 58.3%, consisting of 49.1% for wasting, 25.9% for stunting, and 14.6% for underweight. Meal frequency at most three times a day (AOR\u2009=\u20093.24; 95% CI: 1.98\u20135.32) and infected with intestinal parasites (AOR\u2009=\u20091.84; 95% CI: 1.19\u20132.83) were strongly associated with undernutrition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and undernutrition was high among school children in Zenzelima, Ethiopia. In this study, eating raw vegetables\/unwashed fruits, irregular use of closed shoes, and open\u2010field defecation were statistically significant risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections. Moreover, low meal frequency and intestinal parasitic infections were significantly associated with undernutrition. These results highlight the need to strengthen integrated strategies to reduce both intestinal parasitic infections and undernutrition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T07:44:30Z","timestamp":1751442270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence and Associated Factors of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Undernutrition Among Elementary School Children in Zenzelima Town, Northwest Ethiopia: A School\u2010Based Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Abera Ademasu","family":"Birhanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahir Dar Health Science College Bahir Dar Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulat","family":"Yimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2512-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habtu","family":"Debash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences Wollo University Dessie Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megbaru Alemu","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia"},{"name":"School of Public Health The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Global Distribution and Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections(World Health Organization Key Fact Sheet 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001574-200301000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110371"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2020.1806711"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj-oh.2021.6.10.31165"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204259"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009379"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu211"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651003100303"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181baec7c"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.Hailegebreil \u201cPrevalence and Determinants of Undernutrition Among School Children of Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis \u201d preprint Research Square 2019 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.2.13434\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.2.13434\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1962128"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Malnutrition in Sub\u2013Saharan Africa: Burden, Causes and Prospects","volume":"15","author":"Bain L. E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pan African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","first-page":"3966","article-title":"Determining Soil\u2010Transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School\u2010Aged Children","volume":"66","author":"Yap P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15446\/rsap.v21n2.73692"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4230260"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","article-title":"Prevalence Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Primary School Children in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Yenew C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Health Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","unstructured":"S.Eshetie Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Atsedmariam Primary and Junior School Students Alefa District Central Gondar Zone Ethiopia(Bahir Dar University 2022) http:\/\/ir.bdu.edu.et\/handle\/123456789\/14480."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2466-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-020-00881-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-022-00239-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v29i1.14"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Ethiopia Schistosomiasis and Soil\u2010Transmitted Helminthes Control Programme: Progress and Prospects","volume":"55","author":"Negussu N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3306-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","volume-title":"Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2019: Key Indicators","author":"Ephi I.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282240"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511543470"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2017.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Guideline: Preventive Chemotherapy to Control Soil\u2010Transmitted Helminth Infections in At\u2010Risk Population Groups(World Health Organization 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1137"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3330-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9986078"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8894089"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2256910"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S252061"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4759-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v32i2.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00261-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00136"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3291-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5517564"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3971-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1478293"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among School Aged Children in Berber locality, River Nile State, Sudan 2017","volume":"7","author":"Hamad M. N. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/189514"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218681"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6694809"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302241245851"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)58004-1"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasites Among Delgi School Children, North Gondar, Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Ayalew A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-1935-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/613960"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302231154755"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110621"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cGuidelines on Sanitation and Health \u201d InGuidelines on Sanitation and Health(World Health Organization 2018) 220\u2013220."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001620"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1024-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07336-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0189"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001162"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120954696"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2020.100598"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1400276"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X241298807"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1572-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206659"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000006491"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.70964","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T05:11:47Z","timestamp":1764479507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.70964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.70964"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.70964","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70964"}}