{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:57:09Z","timestamp":1769151429310,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Afghanistan's responses to illicit drugs have oscillated between punitive eradication and limited harm\u2010reduction initiatives. Two decades of heavy external spending, entrenched conflict, and an economy intertwined with opium have blunted policy effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guided by Walt and\u202fGilson's policy\u2010triangle, we undertook a document\u2010based review (2001\u20132024). Twenty\u2010seven national laws, strategies, and analytical reports were retrieved from government and multilateral repositories. Data were coded thematically using Braun\u2010and\u2010Clarke's six\u2010phase approach to map policy content, actors, context, and implementation barriers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four themes emerged.\n                      <jats:italic>First<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Afghan drug policy has passed through distinct phases\u2014post\u20102001 tolerance, eradication campaigns, a harm\u2010reduction window, and the current Afghan government's prohibition\u2014each shaped by shifting political economies.\n                      <jats:italic>Second<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a complex actor constellation spans ministries, insurgent groups, multilateral donors, and opium\u2010dependent farming communities, often with conflicting incentives.\n                      <jats:italic>Third<\/jats:italic>\n                      , implementation is hampered by corruption, chronic insecurity, rural poverty, and a shrinking treatment infrastructure (113 centres for an estimated 1.5\u202fmillion users in\u202f2024).\n                      <jats:italic>Fourth<\/jats:italic>\n                      , persisting failures fuel cycles of addiction, rural impoverishment, and insurgent financing, while recent poppy bans have accelerated a pivot to methamphetamine production.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sustainable progress demands moving beyond short\u2010term enforcement toward an integrated rural\u2010development and public\u2010health agenda. Priorities include: (i) secure livelihood alternatives for farmers; (ii) restoration and scale\u2010up of evidence\u2010based treatment and harm\u2010reduction services; (iii) transparent governance mechanisms that engage local communities. A balanced, context\u2010sensitive policy mix offers the best prospect of reducing drug\u2010related harm while addressing the structural drivers that have long frustrated Afghan counter\u2010narcotics efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T12:14:32Z","timestamp":1752063272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Revisiting Afghanistan's Drug Policy: A Policy Analysis of Eradication, Harm Reduction, and Economic Dependencies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5054-6104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Qais","family":"Azizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Center Ghalib University Herat Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2303-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Faisal","family":"Wardak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Center Ghalib University Herat Afghanistan"},{"name":"Department of Curative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ghalib University Herat Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7671-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edris","family":"Afzali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Center Ghalib University Herat Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5821-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Jami University Herat 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Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5389-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basir Ahmad","family":"Hasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Administration and Diplomacy, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences Jami University Herat Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0525-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Masudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Jami University Herat Afghanistan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Herat University Herat Afghanistan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine Herat University Herat 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