{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:27:58Z","timestamp":1782487678859,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long COVID (LC) is a condition characterized by the persistence of physical or psychological symptoms after acute SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. While its pathophysiology remains unclear, it is essential to identify acute\u2010phase risk factors associated with its development. This study aimed to investigate the association between symptoms during acute COVID\u201019 and the risk of developing LC, and to evaluate the impact of LC on functional status in a nonhospitalized population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective observational case\u2010control study was conducted between May 2022 and March 2024 including 434 participants with confirmed SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. Participants were classified as cases (those with LC; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009226) or controls (those without LC; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009208). Data were collected using a structured electronic form, including self\u2010reported sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle information. Severity and number of acute symptoms were recorded. Functional status was assessed using the Post\u2010COVID functional status (PCFS) Scale. Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to explore associations, adjusted for potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe acute COVID\u201019 (defined as pneumonia or hospitalization) was associated with a significantly increased risk of LC (adjusted OR\u2009=\u20097.22; 95% CI: 2.79\u201318.70). Additionally, each additional symptom during the acute phase increased the odds of LC by 52% (adjusted OR\u2009=\u20091.52; 95% CI: 1.35\u20131.77). Dyspnea and chest pain were the symptoms most strongly associated with LC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The severity and symptom burden of acute COVID\u201019 are strongly associated with the development of LC and with long\u2010term functional impairment. These findings highlight the importance of early identification and follow\u2010up in patients with severe initial COVID\u201019 symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T06:18:39Z","timestamp":1755584319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association Between Acute COVID\u201019 Infection and Long COVID in a Non\u2010Hospitalized Population: A Retrospective Case\u2010Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1953-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Escriv\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra Navarra Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Salud P\u00fablica y Laboral de Navarra Navarra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Moreno\u2010Galarraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra Pamplona Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Barado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine University of Navarra Navarra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Gabriela","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine University of Navarra Navarra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8741-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Fernandez\u2010Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine University of Navarra Navarra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"U.NationsLas muertes por COVID\u201019 sumar\u00edan 15 millones entre 2020 y 2021 | Naciones Unidas. United Nations accessed June 28 2024 https:\/\/www.un.org\/es\/desa\/las-muertes-por-covid-19-sumar%C3%ADan-15-millones-entre-2020-y-2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.18931"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Post COVID\u201019 condition (Long COVID) accessed June 28 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/post-covid-19-condition."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"CDC. El COVID\u201019 y su salud. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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