{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:08:08Z","timestamp":1784549288152,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Due to the global shortage in the surgical workforce, especially in low\u2010resource settings, one solution to increase surgical volume is to delegate certain roles of surgeons to other trained non\u2010surgeon health workers. However, quantifying the costs and benefits of surgical task\u2010shifting has several challenges associated with it. The purpose of this study was to conduct a critical appraisal of studies on the cost\u2010effectiveness of task shifting in surgical care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was done using searches on four major electronic bibliographic databases (EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE(R), Web of Science, Econlit) up to June 2021. Studies were selected based on pre\u2010defined inclusion criteria and relevant data were extracted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 16 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. 14 of them were done in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries while the other two, in high income countries. Findings showed that task shifting to non\u2010surgeons lowers the total cost of surgery and increases coverage without any significant difference in outcome when compared with surgeons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Task shifting in surgical care is considered to be cost\u2010effective, improving the efficiency and access to surgical care in both low\u2010 and high\u2010income countries. Methodological challenges make study findings difficult to generalize. The costs and outcome values are dependent on the choice of comparator, hospital setting, cost items, and surgical procedure included. However, there is a need for more published data in different locations to support evidence for policymaking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T09:38:47Z","timestamp":1756892327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Economics of Task\u2010Shifting in Surgery: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Christian Inya","family":"Oko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lancaster Bailrigg UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1798-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Lahore Lahore Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-9421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Monahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullahi Tunde","family":"Aborode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development Healthy Africans Platform Ibadan Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Okon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Ayomoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidiebube","family":"Ugwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Jefferson Einstein Philadelphia Hospital Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onyeka","family":"Ekwebene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health East Tennessee State University Johnson City Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivangi","family":"Oza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health New York University New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amada","family":"Ibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wolverhampton Wolverhampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martilord","family":"Ifeanyichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin R.","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development Shing Huei Group Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9393-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aymar","family":"Akilimali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Medical Research Circle (MedReC) Bukavu Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60160-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.11273"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-018-4485-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49482-1_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49482-1_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cTask Shifting: Rational Redistribution of Task Among Health Workforce Teams: Global Recommendations and Guidelines \u201d (2008). 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