{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:46:00Z","timestamp":1784184360847,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a critical global public health challenge, yet comparative studies on its burden between younger (20\u201354 years) and older (55+ years) adults are limited. This study aims to quantify differential IHD burden trajectories across these age groups globally, thereby informing tailored prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD), we evaluated the IHD burden through prevalence, disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality. Trends from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed via estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and proportional risk contributions were assessed via population attribution scores. Future trends were projected for the next 30 years via a Bayesian age\u2010period\u2010cohort model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1990 to 2021, the global DALY rates and mortality rates decreased, whereas the prevalence increased, particularly among younger adults (EAPC\u2009=\u20090.98 [0.93\u20131.02]). Males presented a greater IHD burden than females did. Low\u2010 and medium\u2010socio\u2010demographic index (SDI) regions experienced greater disease burdens than high\u2010SDI regions did (EAPC\u2009=\u20091.63 [1.57\u20131.68]). Metabolic and behavioral risk factors, including high low\u2010density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (52.74%) and tobacco use (33.90%), are predominant among younger adults, whereas older adults face greater risks from high blood pressure (53.74%) and elevated fasting glucose (16.88%). Projections suggest that mortality will decline in both age groups (20\u201354 years: 22.92\/100,000 population [95% UI: 17.73\u201328.11]; \u2265\u200955 years: 404.28\/100,000 population [95% UI: 274.18\u2013534.35]), whereas the prevalence will stabilize in older adults but rise and later decline in younger populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global IHD burden was associated with decreasing mortality and DALY rates but increasing prevalence, with notable disparities by gender, SDI, and region. Prioritizing age\u2010specific and targeted interventions is crucial to reversing the prevalence trend and sustaining mortality reductions, ultimately mitigating the global IHD burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T06:26:30Z","timestamp":1760595990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Rising Tide of Coronary Crisis: Decoding Age\u2010Specific Disparities in Ischemic Heart Disease Burden Through the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Revelations: An Ecological Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yemin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazrat","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2049-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"12","author":"Khan M. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.3926"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators \u201cGlobal Incidence Prevalence Years Lived With Disability (YLDs) Disability\u2010Adjusted Life\u2010Years (DALYs) and Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) for 371 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories and 811 Subnational Locations 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 \u201dLancet403 no. 10440 (2024): 2133\u20132161."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037137"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.08.1002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S317787"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0202-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102873"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203374"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcae049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000498891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-316067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2013.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02756-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.03.074"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Increasing Area Deprivation and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Heart Disease, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Working Age Populations, United States, 1969\u20132011","volume":"3","author":"Singh G. K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators \u201cGlobal Burden of 369 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 \u201dLancet396 no. 10258 (2020): 1204\u20131222."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31145-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcad033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.144722"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.3508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d671"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30134-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2023.2282685"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102746"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-024-01210-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001026"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.71244","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T04:04:41Z","timestamp":1765512281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.71244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.71244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.71244","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71244"}}