{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T16:21:19Z","timestamp":1779380479518,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rising global demand for medication has intensified concerns about improper pharmaceutical waste disposal in Ghana. Although disposal laws exist, enforcement is weak. While some Ghanaian regions report poor disposal practices, the Western North remains unstudied. Sefwi Wiawso Municipal (SWM), a rapidly growing area with numerous health facilities, pharmacies, and OTCMs, lacks data on how pharmaceutical waste is handled. This study assessed disposal practices and environmental awareness among households and pharmacies\/OTCMs in SWM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A survey was conducted among 230 households and 31 pharmacies\/OCTMs. Using the Kobo toolbox and Kobo Collect application, pre\u2010validated structured questionnaires were administered randomly in major towns within the SWM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the household respondents, 77.39% reported the disposal of unused or expired drugs by placing them in the garbage before disposal at a dumpsite. Similarly, pharmacies reported that 45.16%, 41.94%, and 51.61% of solid, liquid, and semi\u2010solid pharmaceutical wastes, respectively, were disposed of in the same manner. The majority of household respondents (86.09%) were unaware that they could return unused or expired medications to pharmacies for proper disposal. The survey revealed unhealthy disposal practices in both homes and pharmacies in the SWM, with analgesics, antimalarials, and antibiotics being the most frequently disposed of drugs. A higher percentage of respondents lacked knowledge about the potential effects of these residues on nontargeted organisms in the environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study underscores the pressing need for public education on the proper disposal of unused and expired medications to mitigate the potential adverse effects of pharmaceutical residues on the environment and non\u2010targeted organisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T04:23:12Z","timestamp":1759810992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pharmaceutical Waste Disposal: A Cross\u2010Sectional Survey of Disposal Practices and Awareness in Sefwi Wiawso Municipality, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Seidu Atta","family":"Ishmael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"KNUST Central Laboratory Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Konney","family":"Laryea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Amponsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Planning Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfred","family":"Darko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enoch Jones","family":"Borketey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System West Roxbury Medical Centre West Roxbury Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5037-0777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence Sheringham","family":"Borquaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"KNUST Central Laboratory Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.11.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.1077974"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00299"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2022.106244"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315798"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"045","article-title":"A Review on Status of Drug Disposal Practice of Unused and Expired Drugs Among Different Countries","volume":"13","author":"Aryal A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical 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Nigeria","volume":"42","author":"Adedeji\u2010Adenola H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6113346"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Ghana, 2021 Population and Household Census, General Report Literacy and Education","volume":"3","author":"Ghana Statistical Service","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ghana Statistical Service"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"2010 Population and Housing Census: District Analytical Report\u2010Sefwi Wiawso Municipal","volume":"1","author":"Ghana Statistical Service","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ghana Statistical Service"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Sample Size Determination as an Important Statistical Concept in Medical Research","volume":"1","author":"Nnodim J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Madonna University Journal of Medicine and Health 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