{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:52:45Z","timestamp":1791856365634,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Malaria is an infectious disease that affects people in Africa, and other parts of the world by the millions. Despite the effectiveness of artemisinin\u2010based combination therapies against the disease, current findings on possible\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistance to artemisinin warrants an exploration of new treatment options. This study aimed to design a multi\u2010epitope vaccine against\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) using immunoinformatics and computational techniques.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we employ immunoinformatics and computational techniques to design a multi\u2010epitope vaccine against\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . B cell epitopes, cytotoxic T (Tc) cell and helper T (Th) cell epitopes were identified from five highly conserved\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigens that play crucial roles in the pathogenicity of the infection. Predicted epitopes were selected based on set criteria and concatenated with appropriate adjuvants and linkers to construct a multi\u2010epitope subunit vaccine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collectively, the Tc cell and Th cell epitopes of the proposed vaccine cover an estimated 87.07% of the world\u2032s population, based on the HLA data set from the Allele Frequency Net Database. The vaccine construct was found to be soluble and have appropriate physicochemical properties. The docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies carried out revealed strong and stable interactions between TLR4 and the vaccine construct. Immune simulation upon administration of the vaccine construct indicates the development of long\u2010lasting memory B, and CD4+ T cells for antigen clearance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This computational study presents a promising multi\u2010epitope subunit vaccine candidate against P. falciparum. The construct shows high population coverage, stability, and potential immunogenicity. These findings however require further experimental validations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:34:19Z","timestamp":1760070859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Immunoinformatics\u2010Based Multi\u2010Epitope Vaccine Design Against\n                    <i>P. falciparum\u2010<\/i>\n                    Causing Malaria: A Computational Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3814-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amma Aboagyewa","family":"Larbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3596-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caleb","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR) Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Korankye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1002-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Appiah","family":"Darkwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther Boakye","family":"Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac Yao","family":"Ayikpah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kwarteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR) Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/854927"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181eee738"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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