{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T17:29:58Z","timestamp":1787246998229,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tongue transplantation is emerging as a novel reconstructive option aimed at restoring critical functions\u2014such as articulation, swallowing, and taste\u2014in patients with extensive tongue defects due to squamous cell carcinoma or trauma. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis synthesizes current clinical outcomes, challenges, and future directions in tongue transplantation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, Cochrane, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect from January 2000 to August 2020, using predefined Boolean combinations of keywords (e.g., \u201cTongue Transplant,\u201d \u201cTongue Reconstructive Surgery\u201d). Studies were screened and selected according to PRISMA guidelines. Six studies meeting strict inclusion criteria\u2014providing detailed patient demographics, surgical techniques, and outcomes (totaling 51 patients)\u2014were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by three reviewers. Meta\u2010analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 and Jamovi 2.4.1.0. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I\u00b2 statistic; for I\u00b2 values\u2009\u2265\u200950%, a random\u2010effects model was used. Statistical significance was defined as\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u202f0.05 (two\u2010sided tests), with effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity among studies (I\u00b2\u202f=\u202f85%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001). Overall, tongue transplantation was associated with improved functional outcomes\u2014such as restoration of swallowing and partial recovery of taste sensation\u2014with variable degrees of success. Detailed comparative analysis of surgical techniques, donor selection, and immunosuppressive protocols highlights both common benefits and notable challenges, including technical complexity and risks related to immunosuppression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tongue transplantation shows promise in significantly improving quality of life in select patients; however, technical, immunological, and reinnervation challenges remain. Future research should focus on refining surgical protocols, exploring tissue engineering alternatives, and standardizing post\u2010transplant care to optimize long\u2010term outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:45:16Z","timestamp":1761716716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Advancements and Challenges in Tongue Transplantation: A Comprehensive Review and Meta\u2010Analysis (A Systematic Review)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hashim","family":"Manea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery department Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA"},{"name":"Department of Research University of Warith Al\u2010Anbiyaa, College of Medicine Karbala Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research University of Jamestown Jamestown North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Qasim Mohammed","family":"Alhatemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital Thi Qar Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Abdullah","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al\u2010Nassiryah Teaching Hospital Nassiryah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6959-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Talib","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammedbaqer Ali","family":"Al\u2010Ghuraibawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warith Al Anbiyaa university, College of Medicine Karbala Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02407219"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.01144.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2013.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2752(2000)20:3<105::AID-MICR2>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2004.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.5.1405"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199909000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","article-title":"Occurence of Cancers in Immunosuppressed Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"147","author":"Penn I.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Transplantation"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Recipient of First Tongue Transplant Recovering","volume":"96","year":"2003","journal-title":"CDS Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.1996.tb00437.x"},{"issue":"2192","key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","article-title":"Willing Hands but New Nonvital Transplants Could be Raising More Emotional Problems Than They Solve","volume":"162","author":"Klotzko A. 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