{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T13:22:21Z","timestamp":1792761741430,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the foremost cause of death globally, accounting for approximately 17.9 million deaths in 2019, 32% of all global fatalities with myocardial infarction and stroke constituting 85% of these. The disproportionate burden in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries underscores the urgent need for scalable, technology\u2010driven preventive and diagnostic strategies. Wearable technology represents a paradigm shift in cardiovascular health monitoring by facilitating continuous, real\u2010time physiological assessment and early disease detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To critically synthesize and appraise the current evidence on wearable technology for cardiovascular disease prevention, early detection, and long\u2010term management, emphasizing its clinical applications, integration with digital ecosystems, and implications for precision cardiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive, multi\u2010database literature search was conducted spanning January 2000 to 2025. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Cochrane Library, along with Google Scholar for gray literature, were systematically queried. Search terms combined MeSH and free\u2010text keywords, including \u201cwearable technology,\u201d \u201ccardiovascular monitoring,\u201d \u201carrhythmia detection,\u201d \u201cheart failure,\u201d \u201cremote patient monitoring,\u201d \u201cartificial intelligence,\u201d and \u201cdigital health.\u201d Study selection followed PRISMA\u2010aligned screening principles, with inclusion criteria encompassing peer\u2010reviewed clinical trials, systematic reviews, and technology validation studies focusing on cardiovascular applications of wearable devices. Exclusion criteria included nonhuman studies, non\u2010English papers, and reports lacking clinical or technical relevance. Data extraction was independently performed by two reviewers, emphasizing device characteristics, monitoring parameters, diagnostic accuracy, patient outcomes, and integration with healthcare infrastructure. Methodological quality was appraised using standardized critical\u2010appraisal tools. Supplementary evidence was retrieved from the World Health Organization, U.S. FDA, and European Medicines Agency to contextualize regulatory and translational perspectives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wearable devices demonstrated robust capability in continuous cardiovascular monitoring, enabling early detection of arrhythmias, hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic events. Devices integrating photoplethysmography, ECG, biosensors, and machine\u2010learning algorithms significantly enhanced diagnostic sensitivity while improving patient engagement and lifestyle modification. Integration with telemedicine, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) enabled predictive analytics and personalized care. Major limitations included variability in data accuracy, interoperability barriers, regulatory heterogeneity, and privacy vulnerabilities. Nonetheless, aggregated evidence indicates substantial improvement in early detection, remote disease management, and patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wearable technology stands at the frontier of precision cardiovascular medicine, offering continuous, noninvasive, and data\u2010driven insights into patient health. The convergence of AI, IoMT, and real\u2010world data integration positions wearables as indispensable tools for risk stratification and remote management. Future work should prioritize standardized validation frameworks, cybersecurity reinforcement, and equitable global accessibility to maximize clinical impact and population\u2010level benefits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T06:31:36Z","timestamp":1763620296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Wearable Technology and Its Potential Role in Cardiovascular Health Monitoring and Disease Management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6650-6982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abubakar","family":"Nazir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine King Edward Medical University  Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine The Jewish Hospital\u2010 Mercy Health, Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awais","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine King Edward Medical University  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shah Wali Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine King Edward Medical University  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safi ur Rehman","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine King Edward Medical University  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafaq","family":"Aman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine King Edward Medical University  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4452-9582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mubarak Jolayemi","family":"Mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4859-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sodiq Olatunbosun","family":"Lawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2045-4093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Misbahudeen Olohuntoyin","family":"AbdulKareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Clinical Sciences Obafemi Awolowo University Ile\u2010Ife Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4106-3953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustapha Fatihi","family":"Bamigbola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College Of Health Sciences University of Ilorin  Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2024.100633"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001947"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00522-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Goal Setting as a Strategy for Dietaryand Physical Activity Behavior Change:A Review of the Literature","volume":"65","author":"Mical Kay S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Promotion"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Sarah J.Dimitratos S.Bruce German andE.Schaefer. 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