{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T12:46:30Z","timestamp":1776170790795,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is commonly used for refractive errors but is associated with postoperative pain and delayed epithelial healing. Vitamin A has been shown to support epithelial regeneration and corneal wound healing. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of topical vitamin A (retinol palmitate) on postoperative pain and corneal epithelial healing after PRK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A double\u2010blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 56 eyes of 28 myopic patients undergoing PRK at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. Participants were assigned to a vitamin A ointment group (250 IU\/g in a petrolatum\u2010based ointment) or a control group. The primary outcome was corneal epithelial healing, and the secondary outcome was postoperative pain, measured using the visual analog scale (VAS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Corneal healing was significantly faster in the vitamin A group, with smaller epithelial defects at 24\u2009h (19.32\u2009\u00b1\u20096.21\u2009mm\u00b2 vs. 26\u2009\u00b1\u20098.28\u2009mm\u00b2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023), 2 days (10.64\u2009\u00b1\u20093.45\u2009mm\u00b2 vs. 16.17\u2009\u00b1\u20096.71\u2009mm\u00b2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01), and 3 days (2.96\u2009\u00b1\u20092.47\u2009mm\u00b2 vs. 6.17\u2009\u00b1\u20093.99\u2009mm\u00b2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016). However, by Day 4, the difference was no longer significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.16). Postoperative pain, measured on the VAS, showed no significant differences between the two groups at any time point: 12\u2009h (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.26), 24\u2009h (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.08), 2 days (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.17), and 3 days (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.37). Both groups demonstrated a general decrease in pain over time, but no significant interaction effect was observed between group and time (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>(3, 162)<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.36).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Topical vitamin A accelerated corneal epithelial healing after PRK, especially in the first 3 days post\u2010surgery. However, it did not significantly reduce postoperative pain. These results suggest vitamin A aids in wound healing, but its role in pain management after PRK remains unclear. Larger studies with longer follow\u2010up are needed to explore its effects further.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:02:00Z","timestamp":1764223320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Effect of Topical Vitamin A Eye Ointment on Pain Reduction and Accelerated Healing of Corneal Defect After Photorefractive Keratectomy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hajizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, School of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasrin","family":"Masihpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Khomeini Hospital Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shima","family":"Shalil\u2010Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, School of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"640","article-title":"Trans\u2010Epithelial Photorefractive Keratectomy in the Treatment of Myopia, Hyperopia and Astigmatism: Five\u2010Year Results","volume":"60","author":"Hasani H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Medica Iranica"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1096-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20240826-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.07.028"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","article-title":"A Literature Review of the Incidence, Management, and Prognosis of Corneal Epithelial\u2010Related Complications After Laser\u2010Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK), Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK), and Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)","volume":"15","author":"Moshirfar M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200107000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15685570152772441"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000151544.23360.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0b013e31826c4c5d"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-06387-6.00168-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"The Use of Disposable Contact Lenses as Therapeutic Lenses","volume":"23","author":"Srur M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"CLAO Journal: Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31826905b3"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","first-page":"2405","article-title":"Retinoic Acid Regulates Clonal Growth and Differentiation of Cultured Limbal and Peripheral Corneal Epithelium","volume":"35","author":"Kruse F. E.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051703"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040031131040"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2845S"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","first-page":"1913","article-title":"The Role of Topical Vitamin A in Promoting Healing in Surface Refractive Procedures: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"7","author":"Chelala E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.5.537"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","article-title":"Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and the Completeness of Reporting of Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) Published in Medical Journals","volume":"11","author":"Turner L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Excimer Laser\u2010Induced Hydroxyl Radical Formation and Keratocyte Death In Vitro","volume":"40","author":"Shimmura S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210001000106"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","first-page":"1582","article-title":"The Fas\u2010Fas Ligand System and Other Modulators of Apoptosis in the Cornea","volume":"37","author":"Wilson S. E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","first-page":"2405","article-title":"Retinoic Acid Regulates Clonal Growth and Differentiation of Cultured Limbal and Peripheral Corneal Epithelium","volume":"35","author":"Kruse F. E.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","first-page":"493","article-title":"Impairment of Thrombospondin\u20101 Expression During Epithelial Wound Healing in Corneas of Vitamin A\u2010Deficient Mice","volume":"20","author":"Uno K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histology and Histopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","first-page":"1641","article-title":"Molecular and Metabolic Retinoid Pathways in the Human Ocular Surface","volume":"13","author":"Nezzar H.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00742.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3181eef01c"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0968"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2004.12.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02496.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1998.760403.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"[Research on Effects of Vitamin A Palmitate on Repair of Mechanical Corneal Epithelial Defects and Conjunctival Goblet Cells in Rabbits]","volume":"46","author":"Qiu X. D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"[Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Evaluation of Retinol Palmitate Treatment of Photokeratitis in Rat Eyes Exposed to Ultraviolet B Radiation","volume":"4","author":"Filizay M. C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Beyoglu Eye Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688409000793"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.5.537"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Plastic and Thoracic Surgery, Orthopedics and Ophthalmology","author":"Asena L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S134542"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000704"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S86812"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20210809-02"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.71546","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.71546","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.71546","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:49:50Z","timestamp":1776167390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.71546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.71546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.71546","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71546"}}