{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:13:39Z","timestamp":1771244019277,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infectious diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, and Lassa fever, pose a significant public health and economic challenge in West Africa. The financial burden includes direct medical costs (hospitalization, medication, diagnostics), nonmedical costs (transportation, food, caregiving), and indirect costs (loss of productivity, long\u2010term disability, and mortality). Despite numerous economic studies on these diseases, there is limited research integrating actuarial modeling to quantify financial risks and propose mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review includes 50 studies, indicating that malaria alone contributes to 2% GDP loss in Nigeria, while tuberculosis treatment in Ghana costs $500\u2013$1000 per patient. Actuarial methods provide a structured approach to understanding cost variability, disease risk exposure, and sustainable financial interventions. This systematic review examines the economic burden of the most prevalent infectious diseases in West Africa, synthesizes relevant literature, and explores actuarial modeling as a tool for estimating long\u2010term economic implications. Thus, by analyzing cost distributions, insurance models, and risk assessment strategies, the study highlights the significance of financial planning in disease management. Data sources used in this systematic review include academic journals, health organizations, and government reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings emphasize the necessity of integrating financial risk management approaches, including insurance models and targeted public health investments, to mitigate the economic impact of these diseases and economic losses. The study highlights policy recommendations for governments and health institutions in the region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T07:50:09Z","timestamp":1767167409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Systematic Review on the Economic Burden of the Most Prevalent Infectious Diseases in West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0956-7906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kofi Afriyie","family":"Nyamekye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Professional Studies Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9368-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Sampane\u2010Donkor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana Medical School Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9357-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruna","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Professional Studies Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1384-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justice Moses K.","family":"Aheto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Estimates 2023: Burden of Disease by Region(WHO 2023) https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpopen.2022.100072"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph2007040002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"Ghana Health Service Tuberculosis Treatment Cost Analysis in Ghana(Ghana Health Service 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization World Malaria Report 2023(WHO 2023) https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240079922."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Lassa Fever \u2013 Nigeria(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2022) https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/lassa-fever\/index.html."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"357","article-title":"Cost Burden of Malaria: Evidence From Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Osakede U. A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"4360","article-title":"A Mathematical Model for the Control of Cholera Outbreak in Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Agbata B. C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"724","article-title":"The Economic Impact of Cholera Outbreaks in West Africa: A Cost\u2010of\u2010Illness Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Bartsch S. M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Modeling the Financial Risks of Infectious Diseases in Developing Economies","volume":"42","author":"Dimitrov D. T.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Economic Modelling"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"4360","article-title":"A Mathematical Model for the Control of Cholera Outbreak in Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Celestine A. B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"A Community\u2010Based Feasibility Study of National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana","volume":"9","author":"Edoh D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"African Journal of Health Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"824","article-title":"Cholera in Nigeria: A Review of Outbreaks, Trends, Contributing Factors, and Public Health Responses","volume":"65","author":"Mike\u2010Ogburia M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nigerian Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52968\/15064109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Cholera \u2013 Regional Overview: Africa(World Health Organization 2022) https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON408."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) Economic Impact of Cholera Outbreaks in Nigeria: Cost Analysis and Policy Implications(NCDC 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) The Financial Burden of Lassa Fever in Liberia: Economic and Health System Impacts(CDC 2022) https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/lassa-fever."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","article-title":"Model Based Estimation of the Economic Burden of Cholera in Africa","volume":"2","author":"Ali M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.71693","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.71693","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.71693","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T11:25:38Z","timestamp":1771241138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.71693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.71693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.71693","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71693"}}