{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:15:50Z","timestamp":1783016150668,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a worldwide\u2010distributed zoonotic parasite, causing latent infections in humans. Increasing evidence has suggested a possible link between toxoplasmosis and diabetes mellitus (DM), though data from Iran are limited. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of latent\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and its association with diabetes in Qazvin province, north\u2010western Iran.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this case\u2010control study, 350 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 350 non\u2010diabetic controls were recruited from clinical laboratories in Qazvin province. Anti\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG antibodies were detected by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data on sociodemographic variables and exposures were obtained by structured questionnaires. Statistical analyses, such as\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test, and logistic regression, were performed using the STATA software version 17.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 21.1% (148\/700) of the participants were seropositive for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG antibodies. Compared with the controls, diabetic patients had a significantly higher seroprevalence of infection (27.7% vs. 14.6%). Seropositivity was positively associated with older age and rural residence, whereas no association was found with respect to sex, education, occupation, or dietary habits (consumption of raw or undercooked meat, raw eggs, and unwashed vegetables). Multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for age and residence, identified diabetes status as a significant factor associated with\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      seropositivity (adjusted OR\u2009=\u20092.62, 95% CI: 1.74\u20133.95,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results indicated a higher seroprevalence of latent\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in diabetic patients from Qazvin province, suggesting an epidemiological association between toxoplasmosis and diabetes. Significant correlates identified included age and living environment. These findings underscore a notable epidemiological link between latent toxoplasmosis and type 2 diabetes, highlighting the need for integrated public health attention to this association in endemic regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T04:00:42Z","timestamp":1769659242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Public Health Implications of Latent Toxoplasmosis and Its Association With Type 2 Diabetes: A Case\u2013Control Study in Qazvin, North\u2010Western Iran"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Leila","family":"Modarresnia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5011-1380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meysam","family":"Olfatifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Diseases Research Center Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1847-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayed Hussain","family":"Mosawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Research Center Ghalib University Kabul Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1680-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abouzar","family":"Babaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Hamidreza","family":"Ghafelehbashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Institute for Prevention of Non\u2010Communicable Diseases Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4942-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Adamopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Policy, Sector of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health University of West Attica Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8301-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Mohaghegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences Torbat Heydariyeh Iran"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Center Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences Torbat Heydariyeh Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Bakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariba Najar","family":"Hoseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Asghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Khoy University of Medical Sciences Khoy Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5399-0552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida Vafae","family":"Eslahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia2010012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134809"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","article-title":"The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Adolescent Iraqi Children Infected With Toxoplasmasis","author":"Metaab E. 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