{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:15:22Z","timestamp":1783016122196,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substance use in sports, though harmful, is common but with little evidence from Africa. This study aims to assess the prevalence and self\u2010reported motivations for substance use, as well as to characterize the patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use among professional footballers in Accra.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included 139 professional footballers from nine teams competing in the Ghana Premier League and Division One League within the Greater Accra Region. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Substance use was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test\u2013Revised (CUDIT\u2010R) to evaluate alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use patterns, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of substance use was 44.6%, with caffeine prevalence highest (30.2%), followed by alcohol (15.8%), 2.9% for cannabis, and 2.2% for tobacco. The mean AUDIT score amongst alcohol users was 3.6 (\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7), representing low\u2010risk consumption. The mean CUDIT\u2010R score was 6.3 (\u2009\u00b1\u20094.6), consistent with low\u2010risk cannabis use, while the mean FTND score was 0\u2009\u00b1\u20090, reflecting low nicotine dependence. Pleasure was the most frequently reported reason for alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use, whereas energy enhancement was the main reason for caffeine use. Knowledge of performance\u2010enhancing drugs was low (2.2%), and no participant reported their use. A negative association was observed between the number of years spent at the current club and substance use (OR\u2009=\u20090.81; 95% CI 0.65\u20130.99;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants in this study reported high usage of caffeine and low usage of alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine. There was also low dependence on these substances. Pleasure or recreational use was the commonest reason for substance use. Caffeine was most popularly used for energy. Health education, counselling, and scheduled substance use monitoring of athletes are necessary to prevent inadvertent use, maintain low levels and prevent progression to high\u2010risk use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T09:44:04Z","timestamp":1771407844000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Substance Use in Sports: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study Among Professional Footballers in Accra, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7221-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac","family":"Odei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana Medical School Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0179-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaw Akye","family":"Essuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Eye International Center Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela Lamensdorf","family":"Ofori\u2010Atta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana Medical School Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime. 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