{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:16:30Z","timestamp":1783016190291,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has risen rapidly in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, including Ghana, and poor adherence to glucose\u2010lowering medications undermines glycemic control and increases risk of complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify health\u2010system, socio\u2010demographic, and socio\u2010economic factors associated with glucose\u2010lowering medication adherence among adults with type 2 diabetes attending outpatient follow\u2010up at the Upper West Regional Hospital, Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a hospital\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study at the Upper West Regional Hospital, Ghana between 20 February and 8 March 2024. Consecutive eligible adults (\u2265\u200918 years) with a clinical diagnosis of T2DM and at least 3 months of self\u2010reported medication use were recruited using convenience sampling. The sample comprised\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009202 participants. Trained research assistants administered an electronic questionnaire (Google Forms) that included the 8\u2010item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS\u20108). Bivariate associations were tested with Chi\u2010square tests, and multivariable binary logistic regression (reporting adjusted odds ratios, AOR, with 95% CIs) was used to identify factors associated with adherence. Analyses were performed in SPSS v20 and two\u2010sided\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 51.5% of participants were classified as having poor medication adherence. Several socio\u2010economic and health factors were significantly associated with adherence using the chi\u2010square test of associations. In unadjusted logistic regression analysis, participants on drug treatment for &lt;\u20096 months had higher odds of good adherence compared with those on treatment \u2265\u20096 months (COR: 3.70 95% CI: (1.50\u20138.97;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) as well as those who spent more than 200 Ghana cedis monthly on drugs (COR: 36.30 95% CI: 10.88\u2013121.1;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) compared with those who spent less than 50 Ghana cedis on a monthly basis and participants who were diagnosed between 1 and 3 years (COR: 19.17 95% CI: 6.35\u201357.86;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and greater than 3 years (COR: 14.52 95% CI: 4.61\u201345.759;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) had better odds of adherence compared to those diagnosed in less than a year. In age, education and monthly income adjusted multivariable models, none of these variables showed a significant association with medication adherence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A substantial proportion of adults with T2DM attending outpatient follow\u2010up at the Upper West Regional Hospital demonstrated poor self\u2010reported adherence to glucose\u2010lowering medications. Interventions that strengthen patient education, address medication side\u2010effects and affordability, and improve clinician follow\u2010up should be prioritized. The cross\u2010sectional design of this study and further reliance on self\u2010reported medication adherence (MMAS\u20108) are important limitations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T07:36:31Z","timestamp":1771400191000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medication Adherence Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at the Upper West Regional Hospital, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Isaiah K.","family":"Arhin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2742-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lord 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