{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T18:25:57Z","timestamp":1787250357128,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum neutrophil gelatinase\u2010associated lipocalin (sNGAL), a renal tubular marker, and neutrophil\u2010to\u2010lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a hematological inflammatory marker are two biomarkers that have recently received attention, because of their association with kidney disease. This study examined the diagnostic value sNGAL and NLR in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with nephropathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this hospital\u2010based case\u2010control research, 97 T2DM participants and 70 healthy subjects were included. Participants' information was documented using a structured questionnaire and patient case records. Venous blood was drawn from each participant and early morning midstream urine samples were collected for blood and urine measurements respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of nephropathy among type 2 diabetics was 20.6%. sNGAL had a good performance (AUC\u2009=\u20090.793,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and NLR had a poor performance (AUC\u2009=\u20090.632,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.082) for predicting diabetic nephropathy. An sNGAL cut\u2010off of 8.87\u2009\u00b5g\/L had 80.0% sensitivity and NLR threshold of 2.34 had 60.0% sensitivity and 72.8% specificity. In the multivariate binary logistic model, sNGAL showed a modest independent association, (aOR 1.25, 95% CI: 0.71\u20132.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014). In contrast, NLR was not significantly associated with nephropathy in the adjusted model (NLR: aOR 1.16, 95% CI: 0.60\u20132.24,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.663).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whiles sNGAL showed superiority and is recommended, NLR showed no significant group difference and poor, non\u2010significant discrimination, indicating it is not a reliable standalone marker of diabetic nephropathy in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:26:06Z","timestamp":1773030366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neutrophil Gelatinase\u2010Associated Lipocalin and Neutrophil\u2010to\u2010Lymphocyte Ratio as Indicators of Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Patients in Ghana: A Case\u2010Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0805-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allwell Adofo","family":"Ayirebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-1707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wina Ivy Ofori","family":"Boadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi 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