{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:02:22Z","timestamp":1790510542842,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a type of obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder that can adversely impact an individual's self\u2010perception. It may influence both the demand for and results of orthodontic treatment, making it a significant concern. Research on BDD among orthodontic patients is scarce, controversial, and methodologically limited. Associations between BDD with IOTN\u2010AC and IOTN\u2010ACE have not been studied at all. Moreover, IOTN\u2010ACE itself (even regardless of BDD) is not studied except in a very few articles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive\u2010Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD\u2010YBOCS) was administered to 529 orthodontic patients aged \u2265\u200912 (112 males, 417 females) in five clinics of xxxx city, 2023\u20132024. The diagnosis and severity of BDD were determined using both the first three items (BDD\u20103) and all twelve items of the questionnaire (BDD\u2010All). Orthodontists and also patients evaluated the esthetic aspect of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN\u2010AC and IOTN\u2010ACE). Multiple linear\/binary logistic regressions and bivariable analyses were used to determine correlations and risk factors (among age\/sex\/marital status\/education level\/rhinoplasty\/esthetic treatments\/time passed since treatment began) (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean BBD\u20103 and BDD\u2010All were 3.28\u2009\u00b1\u20092.35 and 13.15\u2009\u00b1\u20096.97, respectively. BDD prevalence was 39.3% (BDD\u20103) or 15.1% (BDD\u2010All). IOTN\u2010AC\/ACE were significantly but weakly correlated with all four measures of BDD. Mean IOTN\u2010AC and IOTN\u2010ACE scores were 3.19\u2009\u00b1\u20092.30 and 3.46\u2009\u00b1\u20092.30, respectively. IOTN\u2010AC and IOTN\u2010ACE were moderately correlated with each other (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Age was not correlated with BDD, but it was negatively correlated with IOTN\u2010AC and IOTN\u2010ACE (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Female sex and lower IOTN\u2010AC\/ACE scores were associated with BDD (regression\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BDD was significantly yet weakly associated with IOTN\u2010AC\/IOTN\u2010ACE. BDD may be more prevalent in women. Rhinoplasty needs further research. Other factors might not be risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:36:38Z","timestamp":1778304998000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Links Between Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) With Aesthetic Components of Orthodontic Treatment Need Assessed by Orthodontic Patients or Orthodontists (IOTN\u2010AC, IOTN\u2010ACE) and Also With Its Risk Factors: An Epidemiological Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mehrnaz","family":"Moradinezhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Dental Health Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozra","family":"Niknam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Dental Health Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Aryannejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Dental Health Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"School of Dentistry Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Shishesaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Dental Health Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"School of Dentistry Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asal","family":"Fetrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9503-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Rakhshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Azad University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2000.107008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2011.41.6.440"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Distribution of Malocclusion Types, Hereditary Crowding and the Need of 7 9 Year Old Children to Serial Extraction in Shiraz, 2000\u20132001","volume":"4","author":"Momeni Danaie S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","volume-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","author":"Proffit W. R. F. H.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(85)90170-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-9552.2011.00004.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-020-00322-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01856884"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2007.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2025.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-1202"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Synopsis of Psychiatry","author":"Sadock B. J. S. V.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2014.01.011"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","first-page":"454","article-title":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Iranian Orthodontic Patients","volume":"52","author":"Yassaei S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Medica Iranica"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.2\/abjornsson"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2003.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2008.72.8.tb04563.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod22.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19930701-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Validity of the Yale\u2010Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) in Students of the University of Isfahan","volume":"15","author":"Rabiei M. K. K.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"A Severity Rating Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Development, Reliability, and Validity of a Modified Version of the Yale\u2010Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale","volume":"33","author":"Phillips K. A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v62n0203"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","volume-title":"The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder","author":"Phillips K. A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.46.4.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","volume-title":"A Cognitive\u2010Behavioral Treatment Program for Body Dysmorphic Disorder","author":"Bordner M. A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195379402.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14653125.2018.1490874"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2025.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2021.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2008.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjh094"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"A Severity Rating Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Development, Reliability, and Validity of a Modified Version of the Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale","volume":"33","author":"Phillips K. A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199709000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(199806)54:4<489::AID-JCLP10>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Adult Jammu Population Seeking Orthodontic Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Gupta R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Preventive and Public Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Obsessive\u2010Compulsive Spectrum Disorder, a Form of Affective Spectrum Disorder, or Both?","volume":"56","author":"Phillips K. A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199709000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900016436"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.71956","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.71956","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.71956","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:01:04Z","timestamp":1788343264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.71956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.71956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.71956","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71956"}}