{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:19:50Z","timestamp":1788344390884,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infertility affects approximately 18.3% of couples in Iran, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) remains a widely used treatment. Vitamin D deficiency and elevated body mass index (BMI) have been linked to poorer reproductive outcomes in some populations, but region\u2010specific evidence among Iranian women is limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, BMI, and IVF outcomes in Iranian women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This case\u2010control study was conducted at Fatemieh Medical Training Center, Hamadan, Iran. A total of 314 women undergoing IVF were included (157 with successful clinical pregnancy confirmed by positive \u03b2\u2010hCG test and 157 with unsuccessful outcomes). Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BMI was calculated as weight (kg)\/height (m\u00b2) and categorized as normal (18.5\u201324.9), overweight (25\u201329.9), and obese (\u2265\u200930). Exclusion criteria included systemic diseases, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and diabetes. Data were collected using a researcher\u2010developed checklist from patient records. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 14. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess associations between continuous variables, and multivariable logistic regression was applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for IVF failure, adjusting for age. All tests were two\u2010sided with a significance level of\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the unsuccessful IVF group (17.8\u2009\u00b1\u20095.9\u2009ng\/mL) compared to the successful group (24.6\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8\u2009ng\/mL; mean difference = 6.8\u2009ng\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). BMI showed a moderate negative correlation with 25(OH)D levels (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.38,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Obese women (BMI\u2009\u2265\u200930) had a higher likelihood of IVF failure (adjusted OR\u2009=\u20092.3, 95% CI: 1.4\u20133.7,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Participant age (mean 33.2\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1 years, range 20\u201345) showed a weak positive correlation with unsuccessful outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.15,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency and higher BMI are independently associated with increased risk of IVF failure among Iranian women. Optimizing vitamin D status and achieving a healthy BMI prior to IVF treatment may improve success rates. Given the observed association, routine assessment and supplementation of vitamin D in women of reproductive age preparing for assisted reproductive technologies should be considered. Future studies should adjust for additional potential confounders, including chronic inflammation and lifestyle factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:58:31Z","timestamp":1777363111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the Association Between Serum 25\u2010Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and Body Mass Index (BMI) With In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Outcomes Among Iranian Women: A Case\u2010Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Asgari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center For Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medicine Sciences Hamadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohaddeseh","family":"Kalhori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit of Fatemieh Hospital Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Khazaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azita","family":"Tiznobaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother and Child Care Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences and Technologies Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"},{"name":"Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health School of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep343"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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WHO 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22974-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2023.102336"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21760\/jaims.8.3.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.101713"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-022-00094-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030533"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04653-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.50695"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030695"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05088-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Iranian population: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Tabrizi R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex326"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1163680"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.234"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Correlation Between Follicular Fluid 25\u2010OH Vitamin D and Assisted Reproductive Outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Farzadi L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.649"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100582"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-13-33"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20120032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02076-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-022-01553-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e32832aec38"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/002436312804827030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02576-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-019-0538-2"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72029","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.72029","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72029","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:02:05Z","timestamp":1788343325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.72029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.72029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.72029","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72029"}}