{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T18:25:18Z","timestamp":1787250318201,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to compare the clinical symptoms of mild COVID\u201019 and influenza during a period when both diseases circulated in the 2023\u20132024 influenza season in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outpatients diagnosed with COVID\u201019, influenza A, or influenza B by antigen test kits at 10 medical facilities in Japan were enrolled. Data were collected from a self\u2010reported diary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data from 347 COVID\u201019, 392 influenza A, and 103 influenza B patients were analyzed. COVID\u201019 patients were significantly older than those with influenza A and B (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Sore throat was significantly more prevalent in COVID\u201019 patients than in patients with influenza A or B (49.0% vs. 27.3% and 27.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Cough and nasal discharge\/congestion were significantly more common in influenza A and B patients than in COVID\u201019 patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively). Taste and smell dysfunction at Days 5 to 7 was more prevalent in COVID\u201019 patients (6.9% and 6.9%, respectively) than in influenza A or B patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively). Maximum body temperature was significantly lower in COVID\u201019 patients than in influenza A or B patients (38.3\u00b0C vs. 38.9\u00b0C and 38.9\u00b0C,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The frequency of any symptoms over 14 days was significantly higher in COVID\u201019 patients, particularly in those aged \u2265\u200940 years (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mild COVID\u201019 was associated with longer\u2010lasting symptoms than influenza, particularly in individuals aged \u2265\u200940 years. These results suggest a greater disease burden of COVID\u201019, even in outpatients with mild disease, compared with influenza.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:50:47Z","timestamp":1773384647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frequency and Duration of the Clinical Symptoms of Patients With Mild COVID\u201019: A Comparison With Influenza in the 2023\u20132024 Japanese Influenza Season, an Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6340-3912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuma","family":"Bando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Ikematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4150-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsunari","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woon Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinro","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osame","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hareaki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ietaka","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken\u2010ichi","family":"Doniwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Physicians Association Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases\/Center for Surveillance Immunization and Epidemiologic Research \u201cCOVID\u201019 Monthly Surveillance Update: Epidemiologic Situational Awareness \u201dNational Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo published February 2025 https:\/\/id-info.jihs.go.jp\/relevant-information\/covid-19\/monthly-report\/COVID-19_2025m02v3.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11150\/kansenshogakuzasshi.94.490"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00271-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34244-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.5348"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_13_8_1.1","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID\u2010NET: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) Hospitalization Surveillance Network [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): CDC"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_13_8_1.2","unstructured":"[cited 2026 Feb 1]. Available from:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/covid\/php\/covid-net\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u201cInfluenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv\u2010NET) [Internet] \u201d CDC Atlanta accessed February 1 2026 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fluview\/overview\/influenza-hospitalization-surveillance.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-025-00158-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2025.102798"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02597-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54991"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.8.1016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314904"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709253371302"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01718-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656802"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716197"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","unstructured":"\u201cNational Institute of Infectious Diseases (Infectious Agents Surveillance Report). Weekly Reports of Major Virus Isolation\/Detection From Influenza Cases 2024 & 2025 [Internet] \u201d Tokyo: National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo published 2025 https:\/\/kansen-levelmap.mhlw.go.jp\/Byogentai\/Pdf\/data127e.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00813-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00508-5"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Incidence of COVID\u201019 and Development of Prolonged Symptoms During the Eighth COVID\u201019 Wave in Japan as Compared With Influenza: An Observational Study","volume":"38","author":"Bando T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Japan Physicians Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2101147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11150\/kansenshogakuzasshi.e24011"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","first-page":"400","article-title":"Observational Study of the COVID\u201019 Vaccine Booster's Effect on the Incidence of Infection and the Development of Fever During the Sixth COVID\u201019 Wave in Japan","volume":"37","author":"Bando T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Japan Physicians Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01292-y"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72039","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.72039","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T17:46:06Z","timestamp":1787247966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.72039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.72039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.72039","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72039"}}