{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T18:25:04Z","timestamp":1787250304590,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post\u2010acute sequelae of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection (PASC), commonly referred to as long COVID, has emerged as a significant global health concern, marked by persistent symptoms and chronic inflammation following recovery from acute COVID\u201019. A central driver of PASC pathogenesis is the sustained cytokine storm\u2014an exaggerated and prolonged pro\u2010inflammatory response that leads to ongoing tissue injury and multisystem dysfunction. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on cytokine dysregulation in PASC and evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these immunopathological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative review methodology was employed, drawing from recent peer\u2010reviewed publications, clinical trial databases, and immunological studies published between 2020 and 2025. Articles focusing on cytokine profiles in PASC, immune reprogramming, and immunomodulatory therapies were included. Mechanistic studies, biomarker research, and translational trials involving corticosteroids, cytokine inhibitors, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, and novel biologics were critically analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature reveals that elevated levels of IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IFN\u2010\u03b3 persist in a subset of PASC patients, contributing to chronic systemic and organ\u2010specific inflammation. Emerging therapies\u2014including IL\u20106 and IL\u20101 receptor antagonists, JAK inhibitors, and CNS\u2010penetrant anti\u2010inflammatory agents\u2014demonstrate promise in modulating cytokine storms and improving clinical outcomes. Recent insights into cytokine profiling, trained immunity, and neuroimmune crosstalk suggest potential for precision\u2010based interventions tailored to distinct inflammatory phenotypes in PASC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent cytokine dysregulation underlies the pathophysiology of PASC and offers actionable targets for therapeutic intervention. Immunomodulatory strategies, when guided by biomarker profiling and systems biology approaches, hold promise for mitigating long\u2010term complications of COVID\u201019. Future research should prioritize personalized treatment algorithms to address the heterogeneity of PASC and enhance patient recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T05:47:47Z","timestamp":1774244867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Taming the Cytokine Storm: Therapeutic Strategies for Post\u2010Acute Sequelae of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4538-0161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Ifeanyi","family":"Obeagu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Laboratory Science Africa University Mutare 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