{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T18:04:28Z","timestamp":1785261868610,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) faces a \u201ctriple burden\u201d of public health threats which includes climate change, protracted armed conflict, and the under\u2010recognized spread of arboviral diseases. Arboviruses, such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever, are transmitted by\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes. Certain factors, like environmental changes, population displacement, and inadequate vector control, have created conditions that favor sustained transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The narrative review was conducted to compile evidence on factors influencing arbovirus spread in the DRC and to identify the priority causes of prevention. A comprehensive literature search was done in PubMed and Google Scholar for studies, NGO reports, and government documents published between 2019 and 2025 in French or English, focusing on human populations in the DRC or similar contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key findings demonstrate that yellow fever remains endemic, with recurrent outbreaks and a case fatality rate of up to 21.3% in past years. Seroprevalence studies show significant dengue exposure (up to 41% in Kinshasa), multiple chikungunya epidemics which affected millions, and intermittent Zika virus exposure. On the other hand, adverse climate change alters vector ecology and increases transmission potential through drought, floods, rising temperatures, and deforestation. Armed conflict proved to play a major role in the large\u2010scale displacement of people into overcrowded, unsanitary environments. This, as a result, disrupts the surveillance and control programmes and increases vulnerability to arboviruses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The convergence of climate change, armed conflict, and arbovirus transmission poses a growing public health threat in the DRC. Strengthening integrated and reinforced surveillance, augmenting diagnostic capacity, applying sustainable vector control, and advocating climate and security considerations in health policy are essential and mandatory. Without coordinated and multidisciplinary action, the silent and hazardous spread of arboviruses will remain consistent to weaken and compromise health system resilience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T04:15:14Z","timestamp":1774844114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Triple Burden in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Climate Change, Armed Conflict, and the Silent Spread of Arboviruses. A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Stanis","family":"Donnang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre Des Pays Des Grands Lacs Goma DR Congo"},{"name":"Inclusive Development Research Center (IDRC) Goma DR Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8347-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermann","family":"Yokolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre Des Pays Des Grands Lacs Goma DR Congo"},{"name":"Department of Research Medical Research Circle (MedReC) Goma DR Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5928-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dujardin","family":"Makeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre Des Pays Des Grands Lacs Goma DR Congo"},{"name":"Department of Research Medical Research Circle (MedReC) Goma DR Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8959-8880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Ekouo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre Des Pays Des Grands Lacs Goma DR Congo"},{"name":"Department of Research Medical Research Circle (MedReC) Goma DR Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zubayer","family":"Shams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brunel Medical School Brunel University London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan Armel Domga","family":"Kaptso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre Des Pays Des Grands Lacs Goma DR Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josias Silatchom","family":"Kamgang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre Des Pays Des Grands Lacs Goma DR Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann Valerin","family":"Waffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre Des Pays Des Grands Lacs Goma DR Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8547-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Tague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre Des Pays Des Grands Lacs Goma DR Congo"},{"name":"Department of Research Medical Research Circle (MedReC) Goma DR Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070643"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.21355"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) \u201cThe WHO Launches a Global Strategic Plan to Combat Dengue and Other Arboviral Diseases Transmitted by Aedes Mosquitoes \u201d published October 3 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/fr\/news\/item\/03-10-2024-who-launches-global-strategic-plan-to-fight-rising-dengue-and-other-aedes-borne-arboviral-diseases."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110038"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3985-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. 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