{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:19:01Z","timestamp":1788344341617,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                      L., commonly known as saffron, is a widely used spice with a rich history of culinary and medicinal applications. This systematic review aims to compile human data from studies on monopreparations of\n                      <jats:italic>C. sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , including stigma powder and other extracts, to evaluate their safety.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Databases, including the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed Central, were searched up to August 2024 using the keywords \u201csaffron\u201d or \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u201d for clinical trials, case reports, and case series.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 102 clinical trials and a single case report were included in this review. Nearly 78% of the trials evaluating the monopreparation of\n                      <jats:italic>C. sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                      addressed safety concerns and reported the complications that occurred. Approximately 56% indicated that one or more adverse effects were experienced during the intervention period. The estimated incidence of adverse events related to\n                      <jats:italic>C. sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                      consumption is around 17.5%. The most frequently reported side effects were gastrointestinal problems, which were minor and self\u2010limiting in most cases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings suggest that\n                      <jats:italic>C. sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                      is generally well tolerated. However, due to some potentially significant adverse events associated with its medicinal use at higher doses or prolonged administration, clinical monitoring should be considered.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:27:22Z","timestamp":1777354042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adverse Events of Saffron (\n                    <i>Crocus sativus<\/i>\n                    L.): Systematic Review of Current Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh Sadat","family":"Hasheminasab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Research Center Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran"},{"name":"Department of Genetic, School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1434-8599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdie","family":"Hajimonfarednejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"},{"name":"Canadian College of Integrative Medicine (CCIM) Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1214-5314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyede Maryam","family":"Najibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"},{"name":"Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6700-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hashem","family":"Hashempur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02858789"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142319"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/CMAC.CMAC_38_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8186"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2215083805666190902114137"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14464"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819590-1.00014-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87559120802458503"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2025.100448"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics6040063"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.70919"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1857682"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.01.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Advances in Botanical Research","author":"Woo C. 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