{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:24:31Z","timestamp":1783023871098,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with a disproportionate burden in Sub\u2011Saharan Africa. Identifying sociodemographic and clinical determinants is critical for early detection and prevention. This study identified glaucoma risk factors in Ghanaians and evaluated their prognostic significance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A prospective hospital\u2010based case\u2010control study conducted at a tertiary hospital in Ghana from 1st October to 31st December, 2021, including 150 glaucoma patients and 150 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. Predictive risk factors were assessed via multivariate logistic regression in SPSS version 25. Statistical significance was set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three hundred participants were recruited, including 178 (59%) females. Mean ages of glaucoma patients and controls were 58.4\u2009\u00b1\u200917.4 and 52.35\u2009\u00b1\u200918.5 years, respectively. Primary open\u2010angle glaucoma (POAG) was the predominant type (77.3%). Statistically significant risk factors for glaucoma were: age \u2265\u200940 years [OR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.8\u20136.7,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001], positive family history [OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.7\u20135.9,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001], hypertension [OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.5\u20135.0,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002], myopia [OR: 4.3, 95% CI: 2.1\u20139.1,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001], and intraocular pressure (IOP)\u2009\u2265\u200922\u2009mmHg [OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.9\u20138.9,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001]. Advanced glaucoma at presentation was significantly associated with IOP\u2009\u2265\u200922\u2009mmHg (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), myopia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), and hypertension (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). POAG was significantly associated with age \u2265\u200940 years (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), family history of glaucoma (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), and education (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031). It was also significantly associated with IOP\u2009\u2265\u200922\u2009mmHg, myopia, diabetes, and hypertension (all,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age, family history of glaucoma, hypertension, myopia, and elevated IOP were key risk factors. Targeted screening and regular eye examinations among high\u2010risk individuals may facilitate earlier detection and help prevent or delay progressive glaucomatous optic nerve damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:45:13Z","timestamp":1775191513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sociodemographic and Clinical Determinants of Glaucoma in a Sub\u2010Saharan African Population: A Case\u2010Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Angelina","family":"Ampong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Adum\u2010Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Lartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Adum\u2010Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naa Naamuah","family":"Tagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lionizers International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0179-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaw Akye","family":"Essuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lionizers International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2268-9032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Abaidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lionizers International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera Mawusime","family":"Beyuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lionizers International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauretta Pinamang","family":"Owusu\u2010Asare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lionizers International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dziffa\u2010Bella Imelda\u2010Odille","family":"Ofori\u2010Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lionizers International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera Adobea","family":"Essuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lionizers International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053805"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_3114_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/joph\/8476785"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267582"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S218277"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2008.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2018.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0077"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Racial Disparities in Glaucoma: From Epidemiology to Pathophysiology","volume":"119","author":"Siegfried C. 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