{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:20:24Z","timestamp":1783023624501,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a significant public health burden in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, particularly in sub\u2010Saharan Africa. Although socioeconomic factors contribute to disease persistence, genetic susceptibility plays a critical role in determining progression from Group A Streptococcal infection to acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and chronic RHD. Understanding these genetic influences is essential for improving early detection and prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive narrative literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify studies examining genetic susceptibility to RHD. Eligible articles included those focused on immune response genes, regional epidemiology, and genetic markers such as HLA alleles, cytokine polymorphisms, and genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HLA class II genes\u2014particularly HLA\u2010DR and HLA\u2010DQ\u2014have shown consistent associations with RHD across African, South Asian, and Latin American populations. Cytokine gene polymorphisms, including TNF\u2010\u03b1 (\u2212308A), IL\u20106 (\u2212174G\u2009&gt;\u2009C), and IL\u201010 (\u22121082G\u2009&gt;\u2009A), have been linked to variations in inflammatory response and disease severity. GWAS have identified several novel loci, including the chromosome 11q21 region, which is unique to African cohorts, highlighting population\u2010specific genetic risk. Despite Sudan's high RHD burden, no dedicated genetic studies have been conducted among Sudanese patients, leaving a substantial knowledge gap regarding local susceptibility patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence underscores the importance of genetic factors in RHD pathogenesis, yet Sudan remains significantly underrepresented in genetic research. Conducting Sudan\u2010specific studies could identify population\u2010specific alleles, strengthen early screening strategies, and guide tailored prevention efforts. Such work would also contribute valuable data to the broader understanding of RHD genetics across Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:31:54Z","timestamp":1775536314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Susceptibility to Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Narrative Literature Review Highlighting Evidence From African Populations and Research Gaps in Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8971-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussam","family":"Alkhalifamohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan\/Al Emadi Hospital Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8107-4153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed M. 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