{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:23:36Z","timestamp":1783023816384,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite diverse national interventions, anaemia persists as a major public health burden in Ghana, with disproportionately high prevalence in the Northern Region. This persistence is driven by systemic inequities including limited healthcare access, socioeconomic deprivation, and cultural barriers that impede effective prevention and management. This comparative study assessed disparities in knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) between patients and healthcare providers regarding anaemia prevention and management, highlighting critical gaps in current understanding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to: (1) assess and compare KAP levels between patients and healthcare providers, (2) detect fundamental misconceptions affecting the management of anaemia, and (3) highlight any associations between anaemia prevalence and KAP variables among participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross\u2010sectional comparative study was conducted across three healthcare facilities in Northern Ghana, involving 299 participants (141 healthcare providers and 158 patients). Structured questionnaires assessed KAP domains, and haemoglobin measurements determined anaemia status.\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      tests evaluated bivariate associations, while multivariable logistic regression identified independent predictors of anaemia, adjusting for sociodemographic and behavioral confounders. The comparative approach enabled identification of provider\u2010patient knowledge gaps to inform targeted interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Healthcare providers demonstrated significantly higher knowledge levels, with 94.3% understanding anaemia's pathophysiological basis compared to 60.8% of patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004). Anaemia prevalence was significantly higher among patients (54.4%) compared to healthcare providers (33.3%;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00b2\u2009=\u200913.45,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Key misconceptions persisted among patients, including beliefs that anaemia is contagious (8.9%) or spiritual (29.7%). Non\u2010health workers had lower adjusted odds of anaemia compared with health workers (aOR\u2009=\u20090.344, 95% CI: 0.184\u20130.641,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Participants with good attitudes and practices also had lower odds of anaemia (aOR\u2009=\u20090.549, 95% CI: 0.326\u20130.924,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024). Other variables including age, sex, marital status, education, region of residence, and history\u2010related factors were not significantly associated with anaemia in the adjusted model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant KAP disparities exist between healthcare providers and patients, with patient knowledge gaps and misconceptions substantially hindering anaemia prevention and management in Northern Ghana. Evidence\u2010based interventions should strengthen patient\u2010centered education programs, provide economic support for nutritional access, and implement continuous professional development for healthcare workers. Integration of these strategies into Ghana's Community\u2010Based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) program could significantly reduce the anaemia burden in resource\u2010limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T05:23:45Z","timestamp":1775712225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge and Practice Gaps in Anaemia Prevention and Management Among Patients and Health Providers in Northern Ghana: A Comparative Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ellen Afetorgbor","family":"Kafui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Biluo","family":"Ngendal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konpuoda","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3778-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Karikari","family":"Nyarkoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safianu","family":"Apalebilah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrietta","family":"Eshun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ama Frimpomaa","family":"Oware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work and Sociology University of Ghana Legon Greater Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Jingbeja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2923-3873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Mawutor","family":"Donkor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9686-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Adu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3950-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Boachie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Central Region Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences KAAF University Gomoa Fetteh Kakraba Central Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","volume-title":"WHO Global Network of National Quality Control Laboratories for Pharmaceuticals: First Meeting Report, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1\u20133 October 2024","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01202-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2145-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154957"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256515"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47963\/ihrj.v1i2.1372"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6125915"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110693"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-021-00590-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","unstructured":"B.Dwumfour\u2010Asare.2013.Anaemia Awareness Beliefs and Practices Among Pregnant Women: A Baseline Assessment at Brosankro Community in Ghana."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Burden of Nutritional Anaemia in Africa: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Obeagu E. I.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","unstructured":"N.Larkai.2022.Exposure to Malaria Awareness Messages and Preventive Health Behaviors Among Informal Workers in Ghana."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-010-9397-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500203"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","volume-title":"Integrating the Social Determinants of Health Into Health Workforce Education and Training","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137284"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","volume-title":"Guideline on Haemoglobin Cutoffs to Define Anaemia in Individuals and Populations","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210027557"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01202-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32594-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13181"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O.Antwi4D.2025.Analysis of 2021 Ghana's Population and Housing Census: A Focus on Fertility Rate Vol.9.","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-930-8_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24874\/PES03.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342002000300005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1504300310"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","unstructured":"S.Geneva World Health Organization \u201cHaemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity \u201dVitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Document Reference WHO (WHO 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.142323"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","unstructured":"G.Demographic Health Survey 2022 (GSS GHS and Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) Ghana Health Service (GHS) & ICF International International ICF 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154957"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","unstructured":"R. M.Gyasi Ageing Health and Health\u2010Seeking Behaviour in Ghana 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Population and Housing Census General Report","author":"Ghana G.","year":"2021","journal-title":"GSS: ACCRA, Ghana 3A,"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14521-6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7104-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","unstructured":"G.Demographic Health Survey 2022(GSS GHS and Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) Ghana Health Service (GHS) & ICF International International ICF 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01202-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62304-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/jab.v85i1.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06348"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105124"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60996-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500203"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","volume-title":"Integrating the Social Determinants of Health Into Health Workforce Education and Training","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118413555"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2015.1077155"},{"issue":"58","key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Development as Capability Expansion","volume":"41","author":"Sen A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Community Development Reader"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183206"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-024-01845-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Burden of Nutritional Anaemia in Africa: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Obeagu E. I.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-015-0048-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20780389.2015.1114416"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-S2-S3"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72307","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.72307","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:45:42Z","timestamp":1783021542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.72307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.72307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.72307","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72307"}}