{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:24:00Z","timestamp":1783023840758,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type II diabetes mellitus is one of the major public health concerns causing a two\u2010 to four fold increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients in developing countries. The primary objective of this study was to assess how the rate of change in fasting blood sugar (FBS) determines CVD progression and to identify risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hospital\u2010based retrospective cohort study data of 344 type\u2010II diabetic mellitus patients under follow\u2010up at Dessie Referral Hospital in the Amhara region, Northern Ethiopia, were used in the study. The linear mixed effects model was used to estimate the rate of change in FBS over time, and the time\u2010to\u2010event model was used to estimate time to CVD progression. We measure the relationship between temporal changes in FBS levels and time to CVD progression using a joint modeling approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From total of the study participants, 51.2% were female, and 48.8% were male; of these, 52.6% were rural residents, and 47.4% were from urban areas. 51.16% of patients experienced CVD during the study period. Time to CVD progression had an inverse relation with the rate of change in FBS level (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.8232). Pulse rate, cholesterol level, and older age (80+) had a significant association with the change in FBS and time to CVD progression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accelerated rate of change in FBS, old age (80+), increased pulse rate, and a raised cholesterol level were the major risk factors of CVD progression. A slow rate of change in FBS elongates time to CVD progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T04:28:07Z","timestamp":1776227287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Joint Modeling of Fasting Blood Sugar Changes and Cardiovascular Disease Progression in Type\u20102 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kassaye Getaneh","family":"Arge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences Samara University Samara Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5989-3315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dereje","family":"Danbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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