{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:19:11Z","timestamp":1788344351941,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco smoking is a major cause of preventable mortality globally, disproportionately impacting developing countries. While its systemic health effects are well\u2010known, the influence of tobacco on gut microbiota\u2014especially beneficial Lactobacillus species\u2014remains poorly explored in resource\u2010limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined fecal Lactobacillus composition and stool pH among 200 participants from western Iran, including cigarette smokers, hookah users, combined users, and non\u2010smoking controls. Standard microbiological methods were employed: stool pH measurement, anaerobic culture on MRS agar, Gram staining, biochemical tests, phenotypic assays (acid\/bile resistance, antibiotic susceptibility), and PCR sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for species identification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results showed significantly elevated stool pH in tobacco users, particularly hookah smokers (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Lactobacillus prevalence was markedly lower in all smoker groups compared to controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Dominant species identified were L. casei, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus, with control strains exhibiting greater acid and bile tolerance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Antibiotic resistance was common, notably to vancomycin (75%) and ampicillin (67%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate tobacco\u2010associated gut dysbiosis characterized by increased stool pH and diminished Lactobacillus viability, potentially impairing gut barrier integrity. The study highlights the importance of clinical microbiological evaluation of smoking\u2010related microbiota alterations, especially in populations with limited probiotic access.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T05:33:50Z","timestamp":1777268030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laboratory Analysis of Fecal\n                    <i>Lactobacillus<\/i>\n                    Strains and pH in Tobacco Smokers: A Comparative Study From a Developing Country"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Afshin","family":"Shabibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Sa.C. Islamic Azad University Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4739-4567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gholam","family":"Basati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Ilam University of Medical Sciences Ilam Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahareh Rahimian","family":"Zarif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Sa.C. Islamic Azad University Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kambiz","family":"Davari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Sa.C. Islamic Azad University Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Rangin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Il.C. 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