{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:52:58Z","timestamp":1787161978732,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMA\u20102016\u2010CDF\u20101561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA\u20102016\u2010CDF\u20101561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), a neglected tropical disease, has been speculated to be complicated by secondary bacteria, yet a systematic documentation of these bacterial populations is lacking. Thus, the primary focus of this study was to profile bacteria diversity in the progression of filarial lymphedema among LF individuals with or without wounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study design recruited 132 LF individuals presenting with lymphedema with or without wounds from eight communities in the Ahanta West District in the Western Region, Ghana. Swabs from the lymphedematous limbs, ulcers, pus, and cutaneous surfaces were cultured using standard culture\u2010based techniques. The culture isolates were subsequently profiled using Matrix\u2010assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 132 LF participants recruited, 65% (85) had filarial lymphedema with no wounds. In total, 84% (235) of the bacterial isolates were identified. The remaining 16% (46) could not be identified with the method employed. Additionally, 129(55%) of the strains belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, while 61 (26%) and 45 (19%) represented Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, respectively. Generally, irrespective of the samples type (i.e., wound sample and non\u2010wound samples), there was a sharp increase of bacteria diversity from Stages\u00a01 to 3 and a drastic decrease in these numbers by Stage 4, followed by another surge and a gradual decline in the advanced stages of the disease. The Shannon Diversity Index and Equitability for participants with and without wounds were (3.482, 0.94) and (3.023, 0.75), respectively. Further,\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus haemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and penicillin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study reveals a sharp decline in bacterial load at the late stages of filarial lymphedema patients. In addition, we report an emerging antimicrobial resistance trend of\n                      <jats:italic>S. haemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      against commonly used antibiotics such as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and penicillin in communities endemic for LF in the Ahanta West District, Ghana. This could pose a huge challenge to the management of the disease; particularly as current treatments are not quite effective against the infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T06:19:45Z","timestamp":1658297985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bacterial diversity significantly reduces toward\u00a0the late stages among filarial lymphedema patients in the Ahanta West District of Ghana: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0352-3195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel O.","family":"Asiedu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Kini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill C.","family":"Aglomasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel K. 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