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This study aimed to determine the effect of watching infant video with or without smelling an infant\u2010scented hat on anxiety and breast milk volume (primary outcomes), stress and mother\u2010infant attachment (secondary outcomes) in mothers with hospitalized infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this randomized controlled trial, 78 mothers were allocated to three groups using block randomization: intervention group 1 (infant\u2010scented hat plus video), intervention group 2 (video only), and a control group (plain hat). The intervention lasted 5 days. All mothers received training on breast pumping and recording their milk volume. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with the control group, both interventions led to significant improvements in state anxiety (Group 1: adjusted mean difference [AMD]\u2009=\u2009\u221216.40, 95%CI: \u221224.56 to \u22128.24,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; Group 2: AMD\u2009=\u2009\u221213.83, 95%CI: \u221221.26 to \u22126.40,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), trait anxiety (Group 1: AMD\u2009=\u2009\u221211.54, 95%CI: \u221216.29 to \u22126.80,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; Group 2: AMD\u2009=\u2009\u221211.57, 95%CI: \u221215.87 to \u22127.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and perceived stress (Group 1: AMD\u2009=\u2009\u22122.11, 95%CI: \u22123.67 to \u22120.56,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004; Group 2: AMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.86, 95%CI: \u22123.39 to \u22120.33,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Milk volume (mL) in Group 1 was significantly higher than in the control group (Day 3: MD\u2009=\u200937.85, 95%CI: 4.13 to 71.56,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023; Day 4: MD\u2009=\u200949.13, 95%CI: 9.73 to 88.53,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.010; Day 5: MD\u2009=\u200980.55, 95%CI: 34.85 to 126.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). On Day 5, milk volume in Group 2 was significantly higher than in the control group (MD\u2009=\u200951.05, 95%CI: 5.17 to 96.93,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024). Mother\u2013infant attachment scores were significantly higher in Group 1 compared with the control group (MD\u2009=\u20093.56, 95%CI: 0.93 to 6.19,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scent\u2010infused materials and infant video exposure during NICU hospitalization may reduce maternal anxiety and stress, enhance milk production, and improve attachment, supporting development of targeted NICU interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:22:26Z","timestamp":1777872146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Watching Infant Video With or Without Smelling an Infant\u2010Scented Hat With Infant Scent on Anxiety, Milk Volume, Stress, and Attachment in Mothers of Hospitalized Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shahla","family":"Shafaati Laleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Midwifery Urmia Islamic Azad University Urmia Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevil","family":"\u0130nal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, Midwifery Department Istanbul University\u2010 Cerrahpasa Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadbagher","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatologist, Pediatric Health Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3475-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirin","family":"Hasanpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamideh","family":"Nikzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Al\u2010Zahra Hospital Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojgan","family":"Mirghafourvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_22_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12078-017-9230-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49137-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11060820"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00320"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235806"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_8_1","unstructured":"Z.Kaya B.Di\u015fli andG.RathfischLaktasyon S\u00fcrecini Desteklemede Tamamlayici Tip Uygulamalari Ve Hem\u015firenin Rol\u00fc.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_22_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53490\/egehemsire.637342"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.106086"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_11_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 Term Bebe\u011fin Beslenmesi Rehberi 2018 G\u00fcncellemesi","author":"k\u00fclt\u00fcrsay N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Neonotoloji Derne\u011fi"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_12_1","article-title":"Bebekleri Yenido\u011fan","author":"Kara A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yo\u011fun Bak\u0131m \u00dcnitesi'nde Yatan Annelerde Bebek Kokusunun Anksiyete Ve S\u00fct Miktarina Etkisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2022.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2020.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.12.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_22_16_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Does Mother Scented Simulated Hand Promote Comfort, Reduce Pain, and Distress Among Mechanically Ventilated Preterm Neonates During Invasive Procedures?","volume":"11","author":"Rashwan Z. 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