{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:19:57Z","timestamp":1788344397409,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n Lower crossed syndrome (LCS) is a common postural dysfunction among individuals with sedentary lifestyles; however, it can also affect athletes due to sport\u2010specific demands. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of core stability exercises (CSE) and National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) exercises on lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, and trunk muscle endurance in athletes with LCS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study employed an experimental design with pretest and posttest assessments across three groups. Thirty\u2010six male athletes with LCS (aged 20\u201330 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: the CSE group, the NASM group, and the control group. Participants in the experimental groups performed their respective exercise protocols for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week). Lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt angles were assessed using a flexicurve and a pelvic inclinometer, respectively. Additionally, the McGill test was used to determine the endurance of the trunk muscles.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Both exercise protocols significantly decreased the lumbar lordosis angle and pelvic tilt, and significantly increased the endurance of the trunk flexors and extensors (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). However, the NASM protocol significantly increased the lateral trunk flexors on both the dominant side (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and the nondominant side (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.005). Additionally, the findings revealed that the effects of 8 weeks of exercise on the lordosis angle (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 33)\u2009=\u20090.153,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.85,\n \u03b7p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2\u2009=\u20090.009), pelvic tilt (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 33)\u2009=\u20092.01,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.15,\n \u03b7p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2\u2009=\u20090.109), trunk flexor endurance (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 33)\u2009=\u20092.875,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.07,\n \u03b7p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2\u2009=\u20090.148) and extensor endurance (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 33)\u2009=\u20091.246,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.301,\n \u03b7p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2\u2009=\u20090.07) did not differ significant between the NASM and CSE group (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05); However, a significant difference was observed in the endurance of trunk lateral flexors on the dominant (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 33)\u2009=\u200916.897,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001,\n \u03b7p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n =\u20090.506) and nondominant sides (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 33)\u2009=\u200916.931,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001,\n \u03b7p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2\u2009=\u20090.506) among the groups and post hoc Tukey tests revealed that the NASM group exhibited significantly greater improvements than the CSE group (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n An 8\u2010week of core stability and NASM exercise program are recommended to reduce the lumbar lordosis angle and pelvic tilt and to improve the endurance of trunk flexors and extensors in athletes with LCS. Although only the NASM protocol increased the endurance of lateral trunk flexors on both the dominant and nondominant sides, no significant difference was observed between the two exercise protocols regarding the other variables.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:33:14Z","timestamp":1777876394000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Which Exercise Protocol Is Optimal for Improving Lower Crossed Syndrome in Athletes? Core Stability or NASM"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Milad","family":"Hassani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Kurdistan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0005-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Hossein","family":"Hosseinimehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Kurdistan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"The Effect of Eight Weeks of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Training on Functional Movement Screening and Postural Control in Athletes With Lower Crossed Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Rahimi M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"JRSR"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Motor Control on Gait Performance Among Individuals With Lower Crossed Syndrome: A Scoping Review","volume":"79","author":"Zahari Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Malaysia"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","article-title":"Prevalence of Lower Cross Syndrome in Housemaids","volume":"16","author":"Burile G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084906"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.3.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2013.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.07.464"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Screening for Lower Cross Syndrome in Asymptomatic Individuals","volume":"15","author":"Priyanka S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2015.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2021.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-024-01183-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.20.10552-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636030-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","first-page":"200","volume-title":"NASM Essentials of Corrective Exercise Training","author":"Clark M.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","first-page":"329","article-title":"Lumbar Lordosis: Normal Adults","volume":"91","author":"Lin R. M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26773\/jaspe.210104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.25.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1734892.446"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/186156"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1881"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-2817-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060893"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/22130683251369690"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11315230-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jmcl-149985"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Comparing the Effect of Two Kinds of the Traditional and the Nasm Corrcetive Exercises Training Protocols on the Correction of Hyperlordosis in Female Students","volume":"11","author":"Kamali M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"JRRS"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-9-13"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Effect of 6 Weeks Trx on Upper and Lower Extremity Function in Women With the Lower Crossed Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Fattahi M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/mjcu.2018.55091"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718211445"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216180"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Effects of a 12\u2010week Global Corrective Exercise Intervention on Sway Back Posture in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"5","author":"Naderi A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Studies"},{"issue":"27","key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"The Comparison of Effects 3 Corrective Exercise Methods on the Spinal Alignment of the Individuals With Sway Back Posture","volume":"14","author":"Naderi A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72471","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.72471","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72471","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:02:19Z","timestamp":1788343339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.72471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.72471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.72471","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72471"}}