{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:19:57Z","timestamp":1788344397962,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem and poses significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of molecular methods for the diagnosis and genotyping of\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex (MTBC). Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit\u2010variable number tandem repeats (MIRU\u2010VNTR) has proven to be a valuable method for studying the genetic diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MTB). To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has investigated MTB diversity in Ilam, west of Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates and the occurrence of rifampicin\u2010resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (RR\u2010TB).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 643 suspected cases of TB were collected from March 2022 to November 2023. Acid\u2010fast bacilli (AFB) were detected using Ziehl\u2013Neelsen (ZN) staining, fluorochrome staining, and culture on L\u00f6wenstein\u2013Jensen medium. GeneXpert MTB\/RIF method was applied to detect MTB and RR\u2010TB. Finally, 15\u2010locus\u2010based MIRU\u2010VNTR was used for molecular genotyping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 643 specimens, 20\/643 (3.11%) specimens were diagnosed as positive for MTB by culture. GeneXpert MTB\/RIF confirmed RR\u2010TB in one sample. Positive isolates were placed in nine different clusters using MIRU\u2010VNTR genotyping. All isolates were not assignable to the sublineages in the MIRU\u2010VNTRplus database but were close to the Delhi\/CAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high clustering rate in our results indicates that TB transmission in this region originates from multiple sources and reflects active transmission rather than reactivation of latent TB. In addition, the lineages of MTB isolates identified in Ilam were closely related to those reported from other Iranian provinces and neighboring countries, indicating epidemiological links. Improving diagnostic capacity and implementing effective control measures are essential to reduce TB transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:08:56Z","timestamp":1778735336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Characterization of\n                    <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    Isolates From West of Iran Using Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit\u2010Variable Number Tandem Repeats: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Yazdanmanesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bovine Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Karaj Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Research Center Ilam University of Medical Sciences Ilam Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6927-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keyvan","family":"Tadayon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bovine Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4590-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Kazemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Research Center Ilam University of Medical Sciences Ilam Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilufar","family":"Sadouqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bovine Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3480-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nader","family":"Mosavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bovine Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00650-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02246-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017848"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2021.102083"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211045541"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2017.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221148603"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","volume-title":"Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00359-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02710-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","volume-title":"Automated Real\u2010Time Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology for Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance: Xpert MTB","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Rapid Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Using Xpert MTB\/RIF Assay\u2014Report From a Developing Country","volume":"31","author":"Iram S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135695"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.717233"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02089-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","volume-title":"National Tuberculosis Guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Evaluation of the Xpert MTB\/RIF Test Performance in the Diagnosis of Suspected M. tuberculosis in Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Specimens","volume":"13","author":"Terzi H. 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