{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:18:21Z","timestamp":1788344301235,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute respiratory infection (ARI), diarrhea, and fever are major causes of childhood morbidity in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. Understanding the local determinants of these illnesses is essential for targeted public health strategies. This study aims to determine the prevalence of these conditions and identify the risk factors specifically for ARI among children under five in Somaliland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study is a\n                      <jats:italic>cross\u2010sectional analysis<\/jats:italic>\n                      of data from the\n                      <jats:italic>2020<\/jats:italic>\n                      Somaliland Demographic and Health Survey (SLDHS). The sample comprised 30,253 children aged 0\u201359 months. Bivariate cross\u2010tabulations and multivariate logistic regression analyses, adjusted for the complex survey design, were used to identify factors associated with ARI, defined as cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing.\n                      <jats:italic>Data analysis was performed using Stata version 17<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 2\u2010week prevalence was 5.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092420) for diarrhea, 6.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093105) for fever, and 1.1% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009502) for ARI. Multivariate analysis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930,253) for ARI revealed several significant determinants. Strong risk factors included higher birth order, with children of 6th or higher order having over eight times the odds of ARI compared to first\u2010borns (AOR: 8.44, 95% CI: 4.92\u201314.47). Higher household wealth was paradoxically associated with increased risk. Male children also had higher odds of ARI (AOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.07\u20131.80). Conversely, older maternal age was strongly protective; children of mothers aged 35+ had 92% lower odds of ARI than those of mothers &lt;\u200920 years (AOR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.04\u20130.16). Urban residence (AOR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42\u20130.96) and access to an improved water source (AOR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37\u20130.91) were also significant protective factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the prevalence of ARI is low, its determinants in Somaliland are complex. Interventions should focus on high\u2010risk groups, including families with high parity and male children. The strong protective effect of older maternal age suggests a need to empower adolescent girls and young women. The paradoxical association with wealth underscores the importance of environmental factors such as household crowding and urbanization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T03:46:03Z","timestamp":1778471163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Childhood Illnesses and Determinants of Acute Respiratory Infection Among Children Aged 0\u201359 Months in Somaliland: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2389-8717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Said","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Amoud University Borama Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouna Ahmed","family":"Abdilahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Amoud University Borama Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Abdirahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Postgraduate Studies and Research Amoud University Borama Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"U. I. G. for C. M. E. (UN IGME) Levels & Trends in.2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"WHO \u201cPneumonia in Children \u201d [Online] https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/pneumonia."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","unstructured":"UNICEF \u201cDiarrhoea \u201d [Online] https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-health\/diarrhoeal-disease\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2026.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","unstructured":"A.Schoeman \u201cBeyond the State\u2010Centric Lens of the Fragile State Discourse: the Case for Hybrid Political Orders in Somaliland \u201d2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","unstructured":"SLHDS \u201cCentral Statistics Department Ministry of Planning and National Development Somaliland Government. The Somaliland Health and Demographic Survey 2020 \u201d 2020 [Online] www.somalilandmohd.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac980"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1738-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02546-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0806.010321"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1120-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-95"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3020041"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","article-title":"The Magnitude of Mortality From Acute Respiratory Infections in Children under 5 Years in Developing Countries","volume":"45","author":"Garenne M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"World Health Statistics Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3899"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24980-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-098505"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","article-title":"Determinants of Acute Respiratory Infection Among Children in Somalia: Utilizing Data From SDHS 2020","volume":"16","author":"Abdi K. M.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Global Pediatrics or Global Pediatric Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","article-title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Acute Diarrhea Among under Five Children Living in Hargeisa IDPs","author":"Mohamed A. I.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Somaliland"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72502","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.72502","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:55:40Z","timestamp":1788342940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.72502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.72502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.72502","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72502"}}