{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:18:20Z","timestamp":1788344300500,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the ABO and RhD blood group systems is important for safe blood transfusions and preventing hemolytic transfusion reactions caused by incompatible blood types. This study compared the phenotypes and calculated genotypes of ABO and RhD blood group systems among students from Cuttington University (CU), Liberia, and the University of Narowal (UON), Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study with 1017 participants (517 from CU and 500 from UON). Capillary blood samples were collected and analyzed using standard antigen\u2010antibody agglutination test kits. Phenotype frequencies were determined, while genotype and allele frequencies were estimated under the Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In Liberia, blood group O (54%) was the most prevalent, followed by B (22.4%), A (15.8%), and AB (7.4%) blood groups. Blood group B (37.2%) predominated in Pakistan, followed by O (27.6%), A (27.2%), and AB (8.0%) blood groups. RhD\u2010positive individuals were the most reported in both populations. Similarly, the homozygous ii genotype was the most frequent, followed by I\u1d2eI\u1d2e and I\u1d2cI\u1d2c, whereas the heterozygous genotypes followed the order I\u1d2ei\u2009&gt;\u2009I\u1d2ci\u2009&gt;\u2009I\u1d2cI\u1d2e. The statistical analysis of the Liberia and Pakistan populations yielded (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00b2\u2009=\u200921.06,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00b2\u2009=\u20094.44,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.217, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed differences in phenotype distribution, despite similar numerical genotypic patterns, highlight the underlying genetic variability within the population. These findings provide valuable insights for possible transfusion medicine, population genetics, and health planning across regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:41:48Z","timestamp":1778128908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of ABO Blood Group, Rh Factor, and Genotype Frequency Among University Students in Liberia and Pakistan: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5760-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augustine S.","family":"Samorlu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Sciences Cuttington University Suakoko Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3872-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Sajid","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Narowal Narowal Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/frcij.2020.08.00334"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709\u2010022\u201001754\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102025\u2010114395"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/voxs.12576"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105798"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24207"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65658"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2025.52.163.47030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54361\/ajmas.247463"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21275\/mr22811163012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102019\u2010034114"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","volume-title":"Concepts of Genetics","author":"Klug W. 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