{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:38:33Z","timestamp":1792683513023,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children globally, especially in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, where poor nutrition and limited access to healthcare increase vulnerability. Vitamin D deficiency is common among children and has emerged as a significant risk factor associated with respiratory infections. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the role of vitamin D across developmental stages in pediatric pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies on vitamin D and pediatric pneumonia. Peer\u2010reviewed articles, including observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and reviews, were screened. Evidence was synthesized from immunology, genetics, maternal health, and microbiome research to provide an integrated perspective on vitamin D\u2013mediated immune responses and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mechanistically, vitamin D enhances host defense by inducing antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin and \u03b2\u2010defensins. It improves macrophage phagocytic function, modulates Toll\u2010like receptor signaling, and preserves airway epithelial barrier integrity. Vitamin D also modulates adaptive immunity by suppressing pro\u2010inflammatory Th1 and Th17 responses while promoting regulatory T\u2010cell activity and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine production. Epidemiological studies consistently show an association between low serum 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D levels and increased risk and severity of pneumonia, although results from supplementation trials remain heterogeneous. Recent evidence highlights additional modifiers of vitamin D\u2013mediated immunity, including maternal vitamin D status, vitamin D receptor (VDR) genetic polymorphisms, early\u2010life immune programming, and respiratory microbiome interactions, which may explain variability in clinical outcomes across populations and developmental stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, this review provides a comprehensive framework linking vitamin D biology with immune system development in children and their risk of pneumonia. It emphasizes the importance of age\u2010specific supplementation strategies and well\u2010designed mechanistic and clinical studies to improve prevention and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:44:41Z","timestamp":1778561081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vitamin D Roles Across Developmental Stages in Pediatric Pneumonia: Linking Genetics, Microbiome, Maternal Status and Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1649-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurshad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60222-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","unstructured":"UNICEF. 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