{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:01:56Z","timestamp":1789984916773,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) often experience substantial psychological distress, yet evidence from Uganda remains limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among primary caregivers of individuals with SMI in Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a multicenter cross\u2010sectional study among 376 consecutively recruited primary caregivers of individuals with SMI attending Jin[ja Regional Referral Hospital and Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Data were collected using interviewer\u2010administered questionnaires, including the Patient Health Questionnaire\u20109 for depression, the devaluation of consumer families scale for perceived stigma, and the multidimensional scale of perceived social support for social support. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with depression, and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of depression among primary caregivers was 37.8% (142\/376; 95% CI: 32.7%\u201342.8%). Among caregivers with depression, 99 (69.7%) had moderate depression, 35 (24.7%) had moderately severe depression, and 8 (5.6%) had severe depression. Depression was independently associated with high perceived stigma (aOR\u2009=\u200910.29, 95% CI: 3.16\u201333.50,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), low perceived social support (aOR\u2009=\u200910.51, 95% CI: 2.95\u201337.45,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), caring for patients aged 18\u201344 years (aOR\u2009=\u20094.20, 95% CI: 1.30\u201313.58,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017), caring for patients aged 65 years or older (aOR\u2009=\u20098.38, 95% CI: 1.50\u201346.89,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016), and caring for patients with major depression (aOR\u2009=\u20097.45, 95% CI: 2.76\u201320.14,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression was common among primary caregivers of individuals with SMI in this Ugandan multicenter study. Higher perceived stigma, lower perceived social support, and selected patient characteristics were associated with caregiver depression. These findings highlight the need for caregiver\u2010focused mental health screening and psychosocial support within routine psychiatric care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T07:49:12Z","timestamp":1779695352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Burden of Depression and Its Determinants Among Primary Caregivers of Individuals With Severe Mental Illness in Uganda: A Multicenter Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Florent","family":"Ishimwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Pascaline Sabine","family":"Ishimwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Okello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Nteziyaremye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences University of Rwanda Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alinaitwe","family":"Racheal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman Ibe","family":"Micheal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Muhumuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildephonse","family":"Dushimirimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musinguzi","family":"Ronald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdirazak","family":"abdinazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiswezi Kazigo","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Gumisiriza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1294-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theoneste","family":"Hakizimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kampala International University  Ishaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o1593"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-198907000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-0519-8.ch009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Anxiety and Depression Among the Caregivers of Patients With Neurological Illness","volume":"14","author":"Verama R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Delhi Psychiatry Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.3.378"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-13-42"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Depressive Disorders Among Caregivers of Schizophrenic Patients in Relation to Burden of Care and Perceived Stigma Depressive Disorders Among Caregivers of Schizophrenic Patients in Relation to Burden of Care and Perceived Stigma","volume":"17","author":"El\u2010Tantawy A. 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